Why Men Are Typically Taller Than Women

While studying genetic factors behind different traits in men and women, University of Helsinki researchers have identified a genetic variant on the X sex chromosome that accounts for height differences between the sexes. Sex cells, produced by male and female gonads, contain either an X or a Y chromosome. The fact that females have two X chromosomes and males only have one X chromosome must be taken into account when attributing the difference in traits to variants on the X chromosome. According to the studys head researcher, Professor Samuli Ripatti, The double dose of X-chromosomal genes in women could cause problems during the development. To prevent this, there is a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in the cell is silenced. When we realized that the height associated variant we identified was nearby a gene that is able to escape the silencing we were particularly excited. The height variant identified influences a gene that is involved in cartilage development. Individuals that possess the height variant tend to be shorter than average. Since women have two copies of the X chromosome variant, they tend to be shorter than men.

Freedom Under Hospitable Captivity Essay - 1370 Words

The Matrix (Andy and Lana Wachowski, 1999) appeals to a Western ideology of freedom in its most general sense by depicting a fight against the enslavement of the human race in a post-apocalyptic world controlled by machines. The machines use the humans, whose minds are trapped in a computer program, as an energy source. In this world of machines, the Wachowskis expand upon the totalitarianism seen in other works of fiction, such as 1984 by George Orwell. The totalitarian state of 1984, Airstrip One, becomes the whole planet in The Matrix, and the oppressed citizens become nearly the entire human race. Only a group of rebels escape from the machines by creating a city below the surface of the earth. The main character, Neo (Keanu†¦show more content†¦His life changes when Trinity (Carrie-Anne Moss) tells him that he is being watched and that the answer to â€Å"What is the Matrix?† is looking for him. After an encounter with Agent Smith (Hugo Weaving), Morpheus g ives Neo the call to action with a phone call that sends Neo to the Adam’s Street Bridge to meet Trinity and later be freed from the Matrix, entering the belly of the whale. Morpheus becomes the supernatural mentor during Neo’s training—the road of trials—aboard the Nebuchadnezzar, the rebel ship. After the agents capture Morpheus in the second call to action, Neo proves that he is the One by saving Morpheus and dealing with the agents, the ultimate boon. In the process, he stops bullets in mid air by opening his mind—using a supernatural force—and makes Agent Smith explode in a guilt-free act of violence. A unique feature of the film is that Neo is not presented with a situation in which to resist temptation. It is unusual that this classic aspect of the Monomyth is left out. Frodo has the ring, Buddha has three women, Christ has the three temptations of the Devil, etcetera.2 Thus, the film follows much of the Monomyth but still mana ges to be unique. Freedom has different definitions and histories in various parts of the world. The most important definition of freedom in the context of The Matrix is that of the Western World. The desire for freedom is not inherent toShow MoreRelatedStudy Questions On Huck Finn 4360 Words   |  18 Pagesabout anything and everything. He believes he’s always right and aggressively takes out his anger on Huck verbally. Huck doesn’t seem to like his father at all. Pap is aggressive with Hucka and although Huck was thankful for Pap because he gave Huck freedom from civilization, it still didn’t make up everything he has done to him. This moment was brief as Huck runs away from his father’s poor treatment and drunk parenting. Pap is angry with Huck for being civilized because Huck is more civilized thanRead More Natty Dreadlocks The Study of the Youth Black Faith and the Bobo Dreads4801 Words   |  20 Pageshave, to administrate to the congregation.In other words, he was the organizer and jah guide of all their meetings. The tableman read all the books that needed to be read because the literacy rate was not high within the group. Although they were under-educated, their organization made them well aware of what they needed to do and what they needed to know. They reinforced the Rastafari idea of being free to come and go based on ones conviction. Warrior or Dreadful were the names given to Youth BlackRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesnasalisation that are distinctive for some Igbo dialects and thus uses a very wide array of consonant symbols. Both dictionaries have many more headwords than the present manuscript because the Williamson dictionary tends to include all derived forms u nder a single headword whereas Echeruo and Igwe list derived forms as separate entries. It will be seen that goals of the various dictionaries are somewhat different and I hope that they will be treated as complementary rather than in competition with one

Erickson’s stage of development Free Essays

Discussion In this third module, we are discussing the human socialization process and how it influences our psychosocial development. After you have read the reading assignment and lecture for the module, please respond to all parts of the discussion by Saturday, December 7, 2013: 1. Identify and describe Erikson’s stages of development as each applies to your own personality formation. We will write a custom essay sample on Erickson’s stage of development or any similar topic only for you Order Now How did success at one stage prepare you for meeting the next challenge? What do you anticipate for stages you have not yet reached? 2. As you progressed through each stage, how did the agents of socialization change as to their level of influence? For any stages you have not yet reached, which agent(s) do you predict will be the most influential? 3. Look in the Argosy University online library and the Internet for information on â€Å"feral children. † Explain why feral children are used as examples of young people for whom the socialization process has been stopped. Stage 1: Infancy†the challenge of trust (versus mistrust). Between birth and about eighteen months, infants face the first of life’s challenges: to gain a sense of trust that heir world is a safe place. Family members play a key role in how any infant meets this challenge. I believe I was very well nurtured at this stage of my life. I have a very loving and caring family. I felt very comfortable with the ones who showed me the love I needed to blossom. Even at this early age I was ready for stage two. Stage 2: Toddlerhood†the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame). The next challenge, up to age three, is to learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way. Failure to gain self-control leads children to doubt their abilities. My family never howed any doubts as to my abilities on any situation. Stage 3: Preschool†the challenge of initiative (versus guilt). Four- and five-year-olds must learn to engage their surroundings†including people outside the family†or experience guilt at having failed to meet the expectations of parents and others. At this stage of my life I did struggle at first. I was not sure how to interact with different people. My family always assured me that being myself would benefit me in the long run. I remember feeling guilty after making a project for my mother. I did not believe it turned out as ell as the others, which made me feel a little inferior to the rest. Again, my mother and family assured me all was well. Stage 4: Preadolescence†the challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority). Between ages six and thirteen, children enter school, make friends, and strike out on their own more and more. They either feel proud of their accomplishments or fear that they do not measure up. I guess at this stage of life I felt proud and yet fearful I did not measure up. Even though I was always proud I still felt like I had to be a chameleon and blend in with a variety of ifferent people. Stage 5: Adolescence†the challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion). During the teen years, young people struggle to establish their own identity. In part, teens identify with others, but they also want to be unique. Almost all teens experience some confusion as they struggle to establish an identity. Through my teen years I was all over the place with my identity, I was a Jock, stoner, the losing end. I quit school because I loved to party with the stoners and whatever other crowd was partying. Stage 6: Young adulthood†the challenge of intimacy (versus isolation). The challenge for young adults is to form and keep intimate relationships with others. Making close friends (and especially, falling in love) involves balancing the need to bond with the need to have a separate identity. I struggled with this part of my life. You never know who your true friends are. Girlfriends came and went. I lived to party and didn’t care about serious relationships. I became a father at 21 with my first of four. That did not slow me down at this stage either; I battled addiction and was not very reliable at all. The one who suffered the most was my daughter. So I was not really prepared to move on in ife. Stage 7: Middle adulthood†the challenge of making a difference (versus self- absorption). The challenge of middle age is to contribute to the lives of others in the family, at work, and in the larger world. Failing at this, people become self-centered, caught up in their own limited concerns. In this stage I started to see the light but still back peddled at times. I got married to the love of my life, had two beautiful girls with her. Things went well for a while but the old mike reared his ugly head causing mistrust and a lot of heartache and anguish in the house. I could not hold a Job. Partying became my life again. I sought help and rekindled the flame with the wife and then BAM, right back to the old ways. I had a son during a brief break up with the wife. This caused more strain and stress. The story could go on and on. I finally got myself right, but it was too late. The people who loved me still loved me but would not trust me again. I am still doing very well at this point, going to school, working etc. Stage 8: Old age†the challenge of integrity (versus despair). Near the end of their lives, people hope to look back on what they have accomplished with a sense of integrity and satisfaction. For those who have been self-absorbed, old age brings only a sense of despair over missed opportunities. My anticipation at this point for this stage is too Just continue doing what I am doing and complete everything I start. Will I be a success? Who knows, only time will tell. A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Some feral children have been confined in isolation by other people, usually their own parents. In some cases, this child bandonment was due to the parents rejecting a child’s severe intellectual or physical impairment. Feral children may have experienced severe child abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away. Depictions of Feral Children Myths, legends, and fictional stories have depicted feral children reared by wild animals such as wolves and bears. Legendary and fictional feral children are often depicted as growing up with relatively normal human intelligence and skills and an innate sense of culture or civilization, coupled with a healthy dose of survival instincts. Their integration into human society is also made to seem relatively easy. These mythical children are often depicted as having superior strength, intelligence, upbringing they represent humanity in a pure and uncorrupted state, similar to the noble savage. Feral Children in Reality In reality, feral children lack the basic social skills that are normally learned in the process of enculturation. For example, they may be unable to learn to use a toilet, have trouble learning to walk upright, and display a complete lack of interest in the human activity around them. They often seem mentally impaired and have almost insurmountable trouble learning human language. The impaired ability to learn anguage after having been isolated for so many years is often attributed to the existence of a critical period for language learning at an early age, and is taken as evidence in favor of the critical period hypothesis. It is theorized that if language is not developed, at least to a degree, during this critical period, a child can never reach his or her full language potential. The fact that feral children lack these abilities pinpoints the role of socialization in human development. https:// www. boundless. com/sociology/understanding-socialization/the-role-of-socialization/ feral-children/ How to cite Erickson’s stage of development, Papers

International Management

Question: Discuss about theInternational Management. Answer: Introduction: The uncomfortable sense of disharmony, confusion, discord or conflict arising from a change in the cultural environment, is known as cultural dissonance (Daenekindt and Roose 2014). The cultural changes may be sudden, unexplained and not clear as there are a lot of cultural dynamics involved. The individuals exposed to the multiple cultures often face a situation of conflict when they make a transition from one culture to a different culture. This phenomenon may take in the same culture, where there is the existence of a number of sub-cultures (Lee and Jeyaraj 2014). There may be different clashes like spiritual, physical, ethical, identity and others, which may lead to cultural dissonance. This reflective paper would discuss about my personal experiences of the cultural dissonance and how I overcome them. Discussion I travelled to India, one of the most famous country in Asia, last year. I had one month holiday and hence started to explore the world. I visited a southwestern region of India, known as Karnataka, which has some picturesque locales. My tourist guide took me to a remote village to enjoy the natural beauty. I was surprised by the cultural imbalance in the region. There are different caste systems in the village and there was no cordial relationships between the members of the communities (Desai and Dubey 2012). There were severe enmity between the people of two different castes. I witnessed widespread violence all around. My tourist guide, however, told me that it is a normal phenomenon, in this region. I personally felt a great degree of discomfort in the village. I was startled by the level of untouchability practiced in this modern age (Thorat and Joshi 2015). It is severely practiced here and though I had read it earlier, I was shocked to see the real picture of this social taboo. The lower caste people, often known as Scheduled Tribes or the Scheduled Castes or Dalits, were not allowed to enter public places (Rao 2015). They didnt find suitable education or employment opportunities. They were being deprieved from a lot of things. I found this against the humanity. I believed that we are human beings and hence should possess equal rights, but I found that merely being a human being is not sufficient in this village. The upper class people didnt wish to be touched by the lower caste people (Rao 2015). I felt such cruel practice is against humanity and I felt uneasy and wished to run away from the place. I seemed to have lost my cultural identity after witnessing such cultural indifferences. I perceived that culture is concerned with freedom, society obligation, harmony, mutual respect, but I was wrong (Eyerman and McCormick 2015). I was primarily thinking of the western cultural attributes which may not be applicable to all parts of the world. This was causing a cultural dissonance (Eyerman and McCormick 2015). I found out that there are a large number of child laborers in the village (Dumas 2013). Childhood is the time for education and subsequent development of values, beliefs as well as principles. I was again proved wrong after I visited this place. The children of the lower classes were denied access to schools and also their families were not eager to make their ward educated. They were happy to lease out their children and earn some money. I really felt uncomfortable after learning the mentality of the people. These feelings collided with my beliefs and hence caused cultural dissonance (Daenekindt and Roose 2014). I perceive the social boycott as a brutal behavior which I was not previously exposed to. I felt uneasy and started to imagine myself in the same situation. I felt numbness in my head thinking that what would have happened if I was born in this village. I would also have to go through the same kind of things. I believed that my positive mind, individualism, migration, cultural bereavement, social mobility, exposure to the western culture and the beliefs of equality led to the cultural dissonance that I faced in India (Guzder Santhanam-Martin and Rousseau 2014). I overcome the cultural dissonance by taking active measures. I started adjusting to the situation by accepting it as the inherent culture in this part of the world and I should not feel uncomfortable about it (Eyerman and McCormick 2015). I expected differences to come up in the next couple of days. I started to deal positively with the culture shock and accommodate myself in the new culture, at least for a few days. I also started communicating with the locals so that I can get a fairly good idea of the host culture. I also started to make observations of the native people who are accustomed to this culture. I resisted the feeling of losing my own culture and welcomed the new culture as an additional one. I learnt that each culture has some distinct characteristics which makes it unique. It separates it from other cultures. The different culture has a different way of life, habits, customs and opinions. It is good to embrace it rather than feeling uncomfortable. The exposure to dif ferent cultures, not only enhance my knowledge, but also makes me a better human being (Eyerman and McCormick 2015). I was a more mature and confident individual, after I came back. I learnt that I should respect each culture of the world and understand the true essence of it. I should get rid of the negative emotions while travelling to a different culture and instead possess a positive mind. Conclusion I feel that cultural dissonance is an important issue in this age of globalization. The cross border education, trade or travel has become a common phenomenon. In such circumstances, it is necessary to reduce the cultural dissonance, commonly faced by the individuals. I may travel to a foreign land for professional commitments and if I cannot overcome cultural dissonance, then I would have to suffer a lot. This assignment helped me to overcome the cultural dissonance and made me a confident individual. References Daenekindt, S. and Roose, H., 2014. Social mobility and cultural dissonance.Poetics,42, pp.82-97. Desai, S. and Dubey, A., 2012. Caste in 21st century India: competing narratives.Economic and political weekly,46(11), p.40. Dumas, C., 2013. Market imperfections and child labor.World development,42, pp.127-142. Eyerman, R. and McCormick, L., 2015.Myth, Meaning and Performance: Toward a New Cultural Sociology of the Arts. Routledge. Guzder, J., Santhanam-Martin, R. and Rousseau, C., 2014. Gender, Power and Ethnicity in Cultural Consultation. InCultural Consultation(pp. 163-182). Springer New York. Lee, J.J.Y. and Jeyaraj, S., 2014. Effects of self-construal differences on cognitive dissonance examined by priming the independent and interdependent self.SAGE Open,4(1), p.2158244014521434. Rao, A., 2015. Caste System (Dalit/Untouchability).The Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Thorat, A. and Joshi, O., 2015. The Continuing Practice of Untouchability in India: Patterns and Mitigating Influences.India Human Development Study Working Paper,3.

An Argument for the Legalization of Drugs. Based on John Stuart Mills Revised Harm Principle

An Argument for the Legalization of Drugs. Based on John Stuart Mills Revised Harm Principle The question of whether or not to legalize certain drugs has been debated for decades. Although opponents have thus far been successful in preventing this, there are nonetheless a substantial number of people who believe that legalization should be given a chance. Their arguments range from the seeming ineffectiveness of current drug laws to the simple premise that the government has no right to prohibit its citizens from using drugs if they choose to do so. This essay will address the issue from the standpoint of John Stuart Mills' 'Revised Harm Principle",' which asserts that people should be free to do what they want unless they threaten the vital interests (i.e., security or autonomy) of others.Using Mills' principle as a litmus test for this issue leads one to come down on the side of legalization. Since Mills is concerned not with individual rights, but with the consequences of one's actions on other people, the question becomes: Is drug use an action that, although performed b y an individual, threatens the vital interests of others? Using the example of a casual, responsible drug user who is a contributing (or non-detracting) member of society, it is clear that more harm is done to others if the user must resort to illegal methods to obtain his drugs.English: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (May 31, 2005) &ndas...The very act of buying drugs is intrinsically illegal and carries the threat of establishing a criminal record for the buyer. This can have a devastating effect on his family, his lifestyle, and his career. The effects on society as a whole include more crowded jail cells (prompting politicians to demand more jails be built), higher taxes to support these jails, and the loss, or at least diminution, of a productive citizen. In order to buy drugs illegally, the user may be forced to...

The Fashion Channel

The Fashion Channel The Fashion Channel is a TV network which features mainly fashion related content in its programs. It has a large subscriber base who are attracted by its content. Most of its viewers are women aged 35 to 54. The firm has operated without any customer segmentation, brand awareness or overall market strategies for a long time.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm seeks to change its market approach because it has realized that other TV networks are airing fashion programs targeting specific demographics. TFC intends to build a brand that will compete effectively in the market based on its reputation to capture more valuable customers. The vice president of marketing, Dana Wheeler is setting up strategies to help the firm become more competitive in the market. The firm has not been able to increase the revenue it earns from adverts because advertising firms feel programs aired have low ratings.The firm intends to push up sales revenues by focusing more on specific viewers to help it strengthen its position in the market. TFC wants to target specific customer segments in the market to make sure that its content reaches the right viewers. The firm needs to boost its ratings to attract more advertising revenue. The only way the firm can make advertisers interested in it is by airing content which appeals to young viewers who appreciate fashion. The firm also needs to maintain its spot on cable TV affiliates by ensuring viewers are more interested in programs it airs. Cable TV subscriptions offer the second largest revenue stream and it needs to improve the ratings of its programs to help it earn higher revenues. TFC is facing a lot of competition from mainstream TV networks which air a variety of content including fashion. Therefore, TFC needs to come up with content that targets premium viewers who have a strong appreciation for quality fashion. Lifetime and CNN, the two channels which threaten to overtake TFC in cable TV viewer ratings, have higher customer satisfaction scores compared to TFC. Low ratings have made the price cable TV consumers pay to subscribe to the channel to decrease. The firm needs to effect radical marketing strategies to help it increase the value of its service in the market. TFC needs to profile its customers to understand their behaviour and attitudes towards its services. This approach will help the firm to sustain strong relationships with its clients to make them feel valued.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More TFC will have to do a lot more to compete effectively with CNN and Lifestyle. The firm needs to improve its market insight to make its marketing approaches more dynamic. The company has to face the reality that advertisers are interested in younger viewers bec ause of their willingness to try out bold trends in fashion. This has made the company’s marketing team to target a younger demographic of viewers aged 18 to 34. However, there are some serious issues the firm has to contend with by shifting its market strategy. This shift in market strategy have far reaching impacts on TFC’s long term operations. The 18 to 34 demographic is also targeted by many other networks and as such, the firm may not realise an increase in its advertising sales as it had projected. TFC needs to engage with its customers to understand their needs in order to serve them better. TFC ‘s strategies of focusing on many demographic segments, fashionistas and shoppers may offer it a wide range of benefits. However, the focus on multiple segments may deny the firm a chance to come up with niche content for its specific customers thereby limiting its market potential. If the firm opts for multiple segment programs, it will retain its loyal customers who do not want to see any radical changes in content aired. The focus on fashionstas will enable the firm to target more female viewers willing to try out new content that appeals to them. This approach may entice more advertisers to air commercials through TFC. However, TFC will incur a lot of costs when producing programs that target fashionistas. The focus on both fashionistas and shoppers will help TFC to increase its ratings because more viewers will be interested in its offerings. However, the firm will need to spend a lot of money to effect this change which shows that this alternative is highly risky. TFC needs to find a way to boost its ratings. It should allocate specific time slots for multiple segment programs to retain its loyal customers. TFC should introduce specific content targeting fashionistas and shoppers and assess the way viewers and advertisers react to it. The introduction of new content targeting these two segments should be done cautiously to ensure the f irm does not spend too much money which it cannot recover. The firm needs to increase premium content targeting fashionistas and shoppers only after getting positive reviews from customers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach will help TFC increase the ratings of its products to make it more competitive in the market. Therefore, advertisers will be willing to pay more to air commercials through the TV network which will increase the firm’s sales revenue.

A Rose for Emily Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Rose for Emily - Research Paper Example Emily in her course of life lost her father and lover and was living an aloof life. We have sympathy for Emily but cannot really have a deep visual about her life. Anyway, it was obvious from her life that she had spent a tragic life mainly filled with skepticism and tragedy (Thesis). Emily has never lived an independent life. All she had was poverty and the house that her father left before his death. Emily was always under the control of her father and did not find a suitable partner to live with. Her father always wanted to control her and in this struggle she was left all alone after her father’s death. After her father’s death she was not paying tax and she kept herself away from the township. Later she met Homer and fell in love with him, but killed him with arsenic and continued to keep his rotten body with her. Describing the poverty of Emily The poverty of Emily is described here with the criticism from various authors and each one is as follows. 1) Father†™s hidden body From my analysis of the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, we may gauge the character of her as a psychopath. She is definitely a case of mentally unstable woman, and people did not have much connection with her, hence none could acknowledge her disorder. This is the understanding of mine and this thought of mine is similar to that of the criticism of Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren. Both of these authors conducted an evaluation of the story of Faulkner and claimed that Emily is a pathological case. A normal person would not hide the body of another person from the public sight. The stench coming from home could be that of her father’s hidden dead body. She loved her father as they shared a nice and warm relationship with each other and she was barely able to accept her father’s death. She loved him because he provided for her life and comforted her and also handed over the house to her. However, both authors feel that the story lacks ju stification and meaning as Faulkner was only keen on narrating the psychopath nature of Emily. It is a fact what authors have said because even I feel that the story looks incomplete in some way. According to Brooks and Warren, â€Å"Miss Emily is obviously a pathological case. The narrator indicates plainly enough that people felt that she was crazy.† Emily here does not have an identity or characterization since the author intends mainly to portray her as a victim of the dominating world of men. 2) Homosexual Homer Emily loved Homer and her character evoked piety and sympathy from her contemporaries. Emily killed Homer just after one year of their alleged love relationship. She sleeps with the dead body of Homer, which is rotting in the bed in a room upstairs. Here we can perceive the state of Emily as abnormal, where she is mentally disordered and shows signs of a pathological condition. Here we can understand that Emily killed Homer because he was a homosexual. She believ ed that Homer was still alive and for that reason she hugs his decayed body and sleeps. She killed Homer because she could not accept the fact that he was homosexual. According to critic Ray West, Homer was an unheroic figure and Emily had a resisting quality which can be mentioned as â€Å"heroic.† According to West< â€Å"Her tragic flaw is the conventional pride: she undertook to regulate the natural time-universe.† Emily never wanted the time to move on as she wished to cuddle up with the body of her dead lover. The Barron Homer and Emily did have an affair

Corporate Profits versus the Protection of Natural Environment Essay

Corporate Profits versus the Protection of Natural Environment - Essay Example Therefore, it is advisable that while organizations work towards increasing their profit margins and expanding their businesses, they should as well put in place measures to protect and conserve the natural environment, as the latter is more important than any aspect in the business world (Sharfman, Shaft & Tihanyi, 2004 p. 23). This paper seeks to analyze the significance of profits and protection of the natural environment in an organization, clearly the most important of them while at the same time discussing the impact of media involvement on this issue. According to Steiner & Steiner (2012 p. 567), virtually all organizations set up with the sole aim of making profits within a given business environment. While profits play an important role in determining the solvency or otherwise of the said organization, it is imperative to consider that profits do not come from vacuum. The accumulation of profits and the conservation of the natural environment are an inseparable pair that ena bles corporates to operate their businesses in a sustainable manner. It is true that no business can survive without making profits that will sustain it even in times of economic hardships and propel its growth and expansion. That said it is apparent that the need to make profits is crucial to all businesses more than any aspect within the business concept, as this is the driving force (Sharfman, Shaft & Tihanyi, 2004 p. 26). ... Due to the significant aspect attached to profits within the corporate world, it serves to say that urge to make profits can never be overestimated, the approach notwithstanding (Sharfman, Shaft & Tihanyi, 2004 p. 30). The concept of environmental protection and sustainable development has been with us for a while, at least in the wake of concerns about global warming. Natural environment is important in that virtually every business enterprise and all organizations derive part of their resources directly or indirectly from the environment (Michalisin & Stinchfield, 2010 p. 138). Organizations may use natural resources as their raw materials or products from natural resources for their production processes. Perhaps it would be appropriate to confess at this point that the protection of the natural environment is more important than the need to make profits. Since the most businesses have their operations surrounded by the natural environment, they ought to take into consideration the impact of their activities on the natural environment (Steiner & Steiner, 2012 p. 537). In the recent past, the world has been very conscious on the environment especially due to the adverse effects of climate change, a revolution that has affected most businesses across the globe. More environmental organizations like the UNEP and the NRDC have advocated for sustainable development and have particularly put up a spirited campaign for the adoption of clean energy and cleaner production (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2013 para. 4). The environmental issue has gained more support prevalence especially in the business world where the rating of business enterprises is based on their efficiency in production and

What are the similarities and differences between Single Loop and Essay

What are the similarities and differences between Single Loop and Double Loop Learning - Essay Example Given that single-loop learning is more applicable for immediate learning, this model is often applied in our routine and repetitive day-to-day learning (Agryris, 1999, p. 69). Double-loop learning can take place given that errors or mistakes are being corrected by modifying the organizational norms (Choo, 2002, p. 14). Unlike the double-loop learning, single-loop learning can occur in case the immediate action performed to modify or correct errors is sufficient enough to correct mistakes without having the need to challenge the validity of an existing organizational norm. In line with this, Choo (2002, p. 14) explained that the main goal of single-loop learning is to â€Å"increase organizational effectiveness without the need to change the existing norms†. Single-loop learning is similar to incremental learning in the sense that the learning of new skills happen through incremental improvement. For example: Knowing that the marketing manager does not appreciate negative outl ook with regards to achieving the sales target, the sales people should learn how to deal effectively with the sales manager by simply questioning how the sales team will be able to meet the sales quota rather than saying that the sales target is unrealistic and demanding of their time and effort. By learning how to immediately deal with the sales manager, the sales people could avoid encountering work-related problems without the need to change the existing organizational norms. Double-Loop Learning Double-loop learning is more complicated as compared to the single-loop learning. Unlike the single-loop learning, several authors explained that double-loop learning is more complicated in the sense that the use of this... Lots of theories were developed to give us a better understanding on how learning can take place and how it can be improved in the long-run.Specifically the loop learning models are among the few learning theories that could enable use have a better understanding on how learning could happ Learning can take place wherever we are. It is possible to learn from our own mistakes or mistakes of other people. Considering the usefulness of loop learning models, this report will focus on discussing the similarities and differences between single-loop and double-loop learning. Similarities and Differences between Single-Loop and Double-Loop Learning Applicable to any types of organizational learning, single-loop and double-loop learning are models that could make us have better understanding on how formal or informal learning could take place (Agryris, 1999, p. 69). According to Kelly (2008, p. 57), single-loop learning can be utilize to increase our stock knowledge and make final decision ba sed on what we already know whereas the double-loop learning is applicable in cases wherein what we have learned in the past could give us the opportunity to create further questions based on assumptions or what we understand about something.Single-loop and double-loop learning are learning models that are applicable in any business organization. As compared to the use of single-loop learning, the use of double-loop learning is more effective in solving complicated organizational problems which requires the need to change organizational goals, values, frameworks and strategies.

Intervention and Rehabilitation for Sexual Abuse Trauma

Intervention and Rehabilitation for Sexual Abuse Trauma Presenting Problem The case is about an adult woman’s struggle to get over her trauma for the sexual abuse she suffered in her childhood. Apparently, her painful memories of such a traumatic experience were triggered when she and her workmates visited a friend’s farm in the country. While in the farm, she had flashes of her painful childhood memories which she thought she has forgotten over the years. However, the sights, smells, sounds, etc. of the farm only made the flashbacks more vivid. Sherry was only four years old when her grandfather began sexually molesting her in his barn. He did this to her until she was nine years old when she and her family had to move to another city due to her father’s employment. Sherry used to adore her grandfather because he brought her on trips around the country side and had ready treats for her every time she and her parents came to visit him and her grandmother. It is in the barn when he would sexually abuse her in the guise of pretend play. Sherry did not enjoy that kind of play at all and felt uncomfortable with her grandfather’s touch. Even if she was already toilet trained, she would sometimes soil her underwear in the hope that her grandfather will not rape her. Although he told her that it was their secret and she was not supposed to tell anyone, she tried to tell her mother when she was five years old, and in response, she was spanked, in the belief that she was lying. She never told anyone again. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1969) is one theory that explains the development of attachment of children to their significant others. It posits that a person’s real relationships in the earliest stages of life shape his or her survival functions as he or she grows and develops throughout the life span. To Sherry, her attachment relationships to both her grandfather and mother may have been shattered by her disappointment in them. Ringel (2012) contends that children like Sherry develop disorganized attachments alternating between ambivalent and avoidant behaviors as well as dissociative behaviors like freezing and repetitive behavior. The dissociative processes used by the child have been developed from his or her dysregulated, traumatic interactions with the people they are attached to. These provide protection from overwhelming and unacceptable affects like being fearful or angry towards the significant other. Dissociation can also mean adopting alternate and disconnec ted identities, developing bodily sensations and conflicts in relationships. The individual may realize that such dissociative behavior is very unlike his or her character (Ringel, 2012). In Sherry’s case, if she developed dissociative behaviors (such as soiling her underwear when she was with her grandfather), it was to cover up the fear and anger she keeps for her grandfather, who violated her, and her mother, who did not believe her and instead, rejected her. Trauma theories point to the victim trying to control the resurfacing of the memory of the painful event and stashing it away in some part of the brain to enable him/her to focus on living day to day. However, such memories can still be triggered by physical factors from the environment causing the individual to react physically to the memory, be it conscious or not. Nonverbal messages are conveyed by facial, gestural body language (Jacobs, 1994). Recently, with the old pain being resurrected, Sherry always felt stressed out. She would feel palpitations and sudden episodes of intense fear that makes her unable to concentrate on her work. She also felt worthless, as if she is â€Å"damaged goods†. Her self-esteem became so affected that she feels she has lost the former confidence she exuded. She does not feel like socializing with others and would rather be alone. That was the reason why she sought professional help. Proposed Intervention In designing the most appropriate intervention for Sherry, who has been through such an intense trauma and is in need of more understanding and less judgment from a counsellor or therapist, it is important to remember that gaining her trust necessitates a more humanistic approach such as the one advocated by Rogers’ Person-Centered model. This emphasizes unconditional positive regard and the quest for congruence of self to achieve authenticity, meaning the integration of the person’s public and actual selves. This approach has great respect for a person’s subjective views and potential for self-actualization. It offers a fresh and hopeful perspective on its views on human nature no matter how dire his or her past experiences may be (Weiten McCann, 2006). The intervention should target all aspects of Sherry’s development, namely her socio-emotional, cognitive, physical and even spiritual aspects. The intervention includes counselling sessions with a competent counsellor or therapist who can accurately empathize with Sherry’s subjective experiences on an interpersonal, cognitive and affective level to fully unlock her perceptions, feelings and motivations for her behaviors (Corey, 2005). Sherry will find in Person-centered therapy a trustworthy and accepting friend who is ready to listen but not judge her painful past. She will be encouraged to express her innermost feelings, both positive and negative, and feel assured that she remains acceptable to the counsellor. Eventually, the goal is for her to overcome her trauma by being reassured that it was not her fault, nudged to move on and finally, begin her healing by deciding on a positive action towards self-actualization. A huge part of Sherry’s healing is forgiveness. This releases her from the heavy burden she has been struggling with all her life that she has managed to keep it repressed in her unconscious. The counsellor may help her process this huge step and support her when she finally makes that step to forgive her grandfather for the damage he has done to her person as well as her mother for not believing in her and losing her trust. Since Sherry’s trauma not only brings about emotional and mental anguish but manifests physical symptoms as well, the intervention should also address that. One therapy for trauma victims is the Observed Experiential Integration (OEI). This requires keen observation of the client’s responses to their experiences brought up during therapy. Counselors provide continuous feedback to their clients as to the physical and emotional changes observed while processing shared traumatic experiences. Even minute changes such as the reddening or moistening of the eyes, blushing, tension in the jaw may depict higher levels of emotional or somatic responses while hesitations, brow furrowing, inconsistencies in narration of incidents may denote confusion or emotional conflict (Bradshaw et al., 2011). Making the client aware of her bodily responses will make it easier for her to manage them. Walsh (2009) provides specific guidelines in helping clients deal with stress namely relaxation skills and stress prevention training. This involves the joint processing of relaxation skills and the agreement of relaxation techniques that work for the client such as listening to music or deep breathing exercises to calm the bodily reactions to the traumatic memories that surface. It also teaches the client to prevent further stress by avoiding things that would trigger stress in her system. Evaluation Evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention can only be done after a certain period of time when Sherry has totally moved on from the ghosts of her past. The effectiveness will be apparent in how she manages her behaviors and attitudes. If she can effectively live her life without being bothered anymore by her painful memories, if she can talk about it with deep wisdom and understanding and most importantly, if she has forgiven her grandfather for his transgressions and patched up her strained relationship with her mother. She should also manifest her old confidence and positive disposition as well as sustain her healthy relationships with her family and friends while also expanding her social network. If all of that happens after the designed intervention, then it can be considered effective.

Luxuries Even For the Environmentalist :: Essays Papers

Luxuries Even For the Environmentalist Imagine, instead ofbeing stuck in morning rush hour because you drive by yourself, youget to go in the HOV lanes simply because of the car you drive. This occurs within some states for those who own hybrids. Hybrids are the most practical vehicle for the majority of America ’s population because not only are they better for the environment but they also have almost all the features of luxury cars. Few individuals think of hybrid vehicles as a practical option when car shopping. With the combinedtechnology of electricity and gasoline, hybrid vehicles are more environmentally friendly then the standard gasoline driven car. However, most consumers worry more about their comforts than their effects on the environment, leading to disagreements on the best vehicle for the consumer’s needs. They argue that many luxuries are lost in the hybrids because hybrids are more expensive to manufacture, and are not as large as some conventional gas cars. This has changed though. Since hybridsbecame available there has been an increase in efficiencies, moreluxuriesand increased driver benefits. When first designed, hybrid vehicles aimed toreduce fuel consumption by half ofalready high gas mileage vehicles. The hybrid’s historystarted off rocky because the electric batteries, generators, and motorshad losses of 15-25 percent in energy, causing it to be more desirable toroute as much of the engine power directly to the wheels (Cheng 114). Doing so, however, was not sufficient for power. Since 1975, five improvements were made that rendered itmore available to the public. These included decrease in electrical losses down to 2-4%, improved shapes to produce far higher energiesand powers, magnetic bearings, new turbines from other materials to increasethermal efficiencies, and small turbochargers for piston engines (Cheng 114). Together these improvements made the hybrid more aerodynamic,efficient and lower in cost to manufacture. In a recentstudy by W. Chenget al, the hybrid was compared to gas turbine-engine vehicles. Their results showed that the hybrid engi ne would producevirtually no vehicle pollution during trips less than 30 minutes, and lessthan normal cars when trips were longer. The strongestcharacteristic of the hybrids is the higher gas mileage which allows it tobe more environmentally friendly and cost effective.

Amy: A Case Study Essay

Amy is the mother of three children: a daughter who is seven and twins – a boy and a girl – who are five. Her husband is an attorney and works long hours. Amy is a college graduate and worked in a professional role until the twins were born. Amy is an only child, social, attractive and very well organized. However, inside, Amy feels insecure, even worthless. Her mother was an alcoholic and her father died when she was ten. After her father died, Amy began to take care of her mother when her mother was to drunk to cook meals, or clean the house. Somehow, Amy always felt it was her fault her father died and her mother started drinking. She had always thought that when she got married and had her own family everything would be perfect. She never expected her husband would work seven days a week, 12-hour days. He rarely had time for the children or for her. Amy started drinking to numb her feelings of disappointment, but soon her drinking got in the way of taking care of th e children and her home. Case study: Amy Amy is a single child, very intellectual and organized. She is married to an attorney who works twelve-hour days five days a week. Amy is a mother of three children a seven-year-old daughter and twins that are five years old. Amy is a collage graduate and had worked as a professional before her twins were born. After Amy’s marriage she comes to realize that her husband works so much that he has little time for her or their children. Amy believed that her family would not resemble that she had grown up in. Amy lost her father at the age of ten and found herself taken care of her mother. Amy’s mother is an alcoholic; Amy would take care of her mother when she was to intoxicated to care for herself or the household. Amy feels that she is worthless and insecure, she feels that her mothers drinking and her father’s death is her fault. Amy has found herself in a situation resembling her mothers. Amy has begun drinking to numb the feelings of disappointment. Amy’ s drinking has come to the point of interfering with taking care of her children and her household. It seems that Amy is in need of help with her issues and her recent increase with drinking. The need to have a assessment and comprehensive treatment plan with a continuity of care approach should be the main focus of treatment for Amy. To assist Amy I would have to assure that the diagnosis is specific and pertains to her individual need. As the book states; â€Å"First, diagnosing a condition not only implies that you understand the criteria for making the particular diagnosis but that you also can’t differentiate that condition from others† (Fisher & Harrison, Ch. 6 pg. 114) Because Amy’s drinking has influenced her family life and her ability to take care probably of her children; it is safe to say that Amy’s diagnosis would be alcohol Abuse. One of the 1st steps in diagnosing Amy properly would be to do a psychosocial interview. After I have completing a thorough psychosocial interview and eliminating other factors in Amy’s life to eliminate dual diagnosis such as. Amy’s situation meets criteria for the DSM-IV of influences, be cause of substance abuse on her social, occupational, or recreational activities shown by her lack in care with their children. Because of Amy’s more recent bout with alcoholism to say that she has no physiological dependency as of yet. Diagnosis of substance abuse follows DSM-IV criteria of failure to fulfill major roles and obligations to work, home, or school. Motivational interviewing developed by William Miller and Stephen Rollnick is a process that assesses the client’s readiness for change. The client may not be ready to hear that they are substance dependent and not quite ready to change (Fisher & Harrison, 2009). Determining what stage that Amy is in would be preferable means of continuing, the stages are; pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Because Amy has sought out help its safe to say that Amy is in the preparation stage. This is an and him and important state that occurs when the individual has become ready and determined to change and take action to do so with steps given by a counselor or therapist. Dr. Amy has entered the stage and be saved to say the next leader action and maintenance stage it was the continuing care plan will be set up in the process of treatment would begin. Amy will enter the next stage, maintenance stage. In this stage, the person tries to maintain the change that resulted from his or her actions without relapsing (Fisher & Harrison, 2009). Treatment Plan: Minnesota Model program; : A continuum of care including assessment and diagnosis, detoxification, inpatient, therapeutic communities, halfway houses, outpatient, and aftercare has been developed using the Minnesota model† (Fisher & Harrison, Ch. 8 pg.135) Amy has used alcohol recently to numb her feelings of disappointment duration of time unknown. However, the period of time is substantial enough to meet substance abuse criteria of DSM-IV. Amy will remain absent from all substances and enter a 30-day inpatient program geared towards complete abstinence and extended learning of mind body and spirit. Amy will remain absent from any substances for duration of 30 days or longer and enter a continuing care program based on 12-step program. Strategies and goals for Amy to complete; attending daily AA meetings after completing 30-day inpatient program. Amy will continue AA meetings on a daily basis as well as completion of program lectures. Amy will participate in individual and family counseling once a week for one year and establish a strong support group with peers in 12-step program. Amy will participate and Al-Anon, and marriage counseling once a week for duration of one year. Amy’s participation is based primarily on financial availability recommendation inpatient 30 days, continuing care, and follow-up. In conclusion I believe that Amy is willing to stop the down word spiral she has begun and is willing to go to any means necessary to do so, I believe Amy understands her consumption of alcohol has negatively influenced her home life. Amy isn’t is in need of therapy at this time primary focus on abstinence from alcohol followed up with therapy to deal with childhood issues such as her father dying and her becoming the mother role model. After completion of treatment program stated above I believe Amy will have a better grasp on that ability to deal with past history influences and triggers. I believe Amy has had a tough life and put a lot of pressure on her ability to succeed where her parents did not. Cite page Fisher, G. L. & Harrison, T. C. (2009). Substance abuse: Information for school counselors, social workers, therapists, and counselors (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Rollnick, S. Ph.D. & Miller, W. Ph.D. (1995) Motivational interviewing. Retrieved on 12/15/12 from: http://motivationalinterview.net/clinical/whatismi.html

Canadian political culture

Canadian political culture Political culture is the shared opinions, values, and attitudes of people about politics. There are several similarities between the political cultures of Europe and North American countries. Most of the countries in these regions emphasize on constitutional law, regional autonomy, freedom of religion, and personal liberty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian political culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the political ideologies originated from the French civil law, British common law, and the North American aboriginal regime. The Canadian government has set some goals that determine how it functions. These goals include the need to maintain peace, order, and good governance and are generally based on the Canadian political culture. The Canadian politics are encompassed of loyalty, tolerance, and compromise. The changes in the Canadian political atmosphere have been quite slow with a lot of negotiat ions and compromise compared to other nations. The most important political culture of Canada is democracy. Its citizens elect most political leaders. This popular sovereignty is only carried out during elections and when conducting national referenda. There are minimal referenda that have been carried out in Canada since the inception of democracy. The most common ones are the 1898 referendum on prohibition, the 1942 referendum on conscription, and the 1992 referendum on the Charlottetown Accord. Elections are carried out periodically and all the citizens of Canada are treated as equals during elections. Political freedom is exercised in Canada. A person is free to join any political party of interested. Every individual has the freedom to share personal political thoughts, expressions, opinions, beliefs, and conscience. In addition, the freedom of the press is also exercised.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More Canadian constitution allows individuals to assemble provided that peace is maintained since the freedom of association is guaranteed in the constitution. This demonstrates the democratic nature of Canada. The Canadian politics are based on the majority rule whereby an individual who garners the largest number of votes becomes the political leader. However, the constitution protects the rights of minority groups. Other special groups that are protected by the constitution include the aborigines and women. The Canadian political values are quite different from those of the United States. For instance, the United States’ political culture revolves around liberty, pursuit of life and happiness, while the Canadian political culture focuses on good governance, peace, and order. This has resulted into the continental divide due to the differences in ideologies. The U.S. came into existence because of the revolutions against Britain. This made its political culture to be based on suspicion and individual freedom. Canadians are group-oriented and they believe in collective responsibility. Their origin can be traced back from the original French settlers. They are peaceful people bearing in min that they never formed any rebellion against the British. Other major communities in Canada are refugees from North America who fled during the era of revolution. These differences make Canada to be unique due to its corporatist and collectivist nature. However, the new generation in Canada is not in good terms with the current government. This has resulted into reduced party loyalty, civil rights movements, and low voter turnout during elections. Generally, Canadians are cautious, nonviolent, diffident, dependent, and tolerant society. Most of them observe individualism, egalitarianism, and particularism. The government of Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Besides, the form of government is federal in nature. The systems of law used in Canada are both the common and the civil law. Its ties with Britain are very strong since they share a queen. The queen exercises her powers through the governor who is the overall political leader in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian political culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Rice Essays - Rice, Oryza Sativa, Paddy Field, Glutinous Rice

Rice Essays - Rice, Oryza Sativa, Paddy Field, Glutinous Rice Rice Rice is the main food for about one-third to one-half of the world's population. A mature rice plant is usually two to six feet tall. In the beginning, one shoot appears. It is followed by one, two, or more offshoots developing. There are at least five or six hollow joints for each stalk, and a leaf for each joint. The leaf of the rice plant is long, pointed, flat, and stiff. The highest join of the rice plant is called the panicle. The rice grains develop from the panicles. (Jodon, 300) Rice is classified in the grass family Gramineae. Its genus is Oryza and species O. sativa. It is commonly cultivated for food in Asia. Some varieties of rice include red rice, glutinous rice, and wild rice. (Jodon, 303) The kernel within the grain contains most of the vitamins and minerals (298). The kernel contains thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin (299). Rice has many enemies that destroy a majority of the rice crops. The larvae of moth, stem borers, live in the stems of the rice plants. Some insects suck the plant juices or chew the leaves. Birds, such as bobolink, Java sparrow, or paddybird, would eat the seeds or grains. Disease causing factors such as fungi, roundworms, viruses, and bacteria also destroy the rice plants. Blast disease is caused by fungi which causes the panicles containing the grains to break. (Jodon, 300) There are various types of rice grown all over the world. A majority of rice grown is cultivated rice. When rice is grown with water standing on the fields, it is called lowland, wet, or irrigated rice. Rice plants grown in certain parts of Asia, South America, and Africa are called upland, hill, or dry rice because they are raised on elevated lands that cannot be flooded, but with plentiful rainfall. Wild rice is grown along lake shores of Canada and the Great Lakes. It is usually eaten by people in India. Scented rice is the most expensive because is has long grains and tastes like popcorn when cooked. Glutinous rice is waxy rice consumed by Asians. It is cooked to a sticky paste and is used for cakes and confections. (Jodon, 299) Rice was thought to have originated in southeast Asia when Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 B. C(Jodon, 303). Further research revealed that rice was cultivated around or at the Yangtze River in China, around 4000 to 11,500 years ago. One archaeologist, Toyama, surveyed data on 125 samples of rice grains, plant remains, husks, and other factors from numerous sites along the length of the Yangtze River. He reported that the oldest samples. . . are clustered along the middle Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan provinces. Samples from the upper and lower portions of the Yangtze River were found to be younger, around 4,000 to 10,000 years old. This pattern. . .suggests that rice cultivation originated in the middle Yangtze and spread from there. Archaeologists see more than a decade of excavation of the Yangtze River and nearby sites to confirm that the Yangtze River is where rice was first cultivated. (Normille, 309) The Greeks learned of rice when Alexander the Great invaded India around 326 B. C. Spain was introduced to rice when it was conquered by the Moors during the 700's A.D. Spain then introduced rice to Italy, around the 1400's. The Spanish also introduced rice to the West Indies and South America, around the 1600's. Rice was introduced to the United States when a Madagascar ship docked in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. The ship captain presented the governor with a sack of seed rice. It was then grown in states south of the Ohio River and east of Mississippi. (Jodon, 303) Rice is usually grown in lowland fields divided by dirt walls (Jodon, 300) A majority of the rice crops are grown with water standing on the fields (Jodon, 299). On level land, these paddies and dirt walls are built in wavy or straight lines. On hill-like land, they follow the slopes and form paddies that rise like steps. The dirt walls are used to hold in water for the fields. (300) Cultivation of the rice plant requires controlling the water supply and weeding the

IT leader ananlysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT leader ananlysis - Research Paper Example t constitute the organization have a number of members handling different responsibilities in achieving certain goals and according to the chosen structure entail a participative theory in leadership. The style of leadership considers input from members of any team when coming to a decision. The style is based on encouraging fellow members of the team in brainstorming and problem solving, although there is a defined leader. The team leader has the responsibility of encouraging the members into participating in decision-making, problem solving and any other responsibilities that the group might be assigned. The team theory ensures that every member of the team feels relevant to any business that is conducted by the team and organization. The other theory that is evident in this organization is situation theory. The situation theory is a concept by which the right course of action is arrived at by considering various inputs associated with different parameters. The inputs that may affect the course of action may include time, budget, human resource, location, natural occurrences and man related interference. This theory of leadership allows the management the option of altering the style of leadership when the parameters and variables associated with arriving at the best choice of management in striving to meet the project goals and objectives. The team may choose a strategy based on the provisions provided to them in an effort to ensure that all the necessary team goals and objectives are met. There is evidence that supports the existence of this type of leadership in the InfoInfinity organization. In this case, a communication network model would be suitable in handling the interactivity of the members within teams and the leaders of the teams involved in the production process (Jablokow, Jablokow & Seasock, 2010). Management theories in leadership style are another probability associated with the IT organization. The management theories, also referred to as

Applied Psychology - Mindfulness meditation as a treatment for Essay

Applied Psychology - Mindfulness meditation as a treatment for depression - Essay Example It is informative to note that Behaviour Therapy developed at a time when psychology regarded classical and operant conditioning as sufficient mechanisms in explaining human behaviour. Later when psychology took on board the mediation of thought and language (what went on inside the ‘black box’) as important in explaining human behaviour, Cognitive Therapy was born. CBT is approved by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK. However, since no one therapy (including medication) has been proved to be universally beneficial for all patients, the field of counselling and therapy is replete with many alternatives such as psychoanalysis, Gestalt Therapy, and other humanistic therapies. These are not seen as ‘scientific’, objective, and amenable to quantitative research. Increasingly, with the passage of time, it appears that ‘mind’ a concept that had been totally alien to ‘scientific’, positivistic psychology, was beginning to be accepted, at least in the form of neural activity in the brain underpinning all mental schemata as the basis of behaviour. From here, it has been quite a jump to accept ‘mindfulness meditation’, borrowed from the Hindu and Buddhist traditions practised as a religious observance for more than 2500 years as a means of reaching enlightenment. So, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), may be seen as an innovation in therapy through an attempt at a fusion between two widely divergent fields of human endeavour separated not only by time of origin but by distinctiveness of culture as well . Even so, over the last two decades MBCT appears to have proved efficacious in treating persistent or recurring depression in psychiatric patients (Teasdale et al 2000). Meditation in mindfulness is the cultivation of awareness of the activity of one’s consciousness from moment to moment. When one is able to accomplish this, it can stop one being trapped in constant ruminations and automatisms in

Administrative Processes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative Processes - Assignment Example Contextually, the 5-step problem solving method can be used to measure and sustain quality in healthcare settings. The first step is definition of an underlying problem. In healthcare quality management, patient suggestion boxes can be used to collect feedback from concerned clients. Subsequently, clients’ suggestions can be analyzed and used as input in defining a healthcare quality problem. The brainstorming step can be used to indicate the most urgent quality solutions for the defined problem. Thirdly, prioritizing and picking of solutions that are in harmony with quality and cost objectives of an organization helps in the measurement of healthcare quality. Next, the solution implementation step can indicate quality through effectiveness of execution and progress testing techniques. Finally, the last step of evaluation and correction indicates the level of success achieved by the problem solving method. A different problem solving method that can be used in place of the 5-step method is the Deming Cycle. Deming Cycle has the following steps; plan, do, check, and act. In healthcare, social marketing strives to influence consumers through marketing mix strategies used in business environments. Marketing mix strategies combine elements of price, place, product and promotion in influencing consumer behaviors. In health campaigns, social marketing involves customized selection of messages and delivery channels that suit a specific segment of audiences. For example, popular social media channels like Facebook and Twitter can be used to deliver customized messages about dangers of drug abuse to teenagers and young adults. Contrarily, cause-related marketing involves provision of goods and services that exactly meet customers’ demands. In healthcare, cause-related marketing entails delivering medical services that suit client’s tailored needs. An example of cause-related marketing in healthcare is provision of

Theories of deviance Essay Example for Free

Theories of deviance Essay Theories of deviance (1)The text describes issues of unacceptable behavior in the society. There was given 4 different theories that explain reasons and different aspects of deviance behavior. (2)In the beginning of the text author gives us the examples of deviance behavior: alcoholism, stealing, being nude in public places. Also there is a definition of deviance behavior: behavior that violates social norms and disapproval from the majority of society. However, the behavior which is deviant for one group of people may be acceptable for others. Science that explore deviance is criminology. (3)Differential-association theory. Edwin Sutherland, the author derive this theory to explain the processes of how people learn to violate. The key features of this theory is environment in which the person is and agents of socialization: family, friends, co-workers and media. People learn criminal behavior from the interactions with others, especially in small groups. The problem is that the vague terminology of the theory don’t let it to validate empirically. Anomie theory. Robert Merton defines the term â€Å"anomie† as situation in which social norms conflict or don’t even exist. Merton pointed the difference between social acceptable goals and opportunities that people have to reach this goals. With the example of achievement of wealth author shows that when people don’t have means to attain their goals, they can use deviance behavior as a response to injustice. Although, the theory does not explains the process of learning deviance. Control theory. Walter Reckless claim that people periodically may want to act in deviance ways, but most of them don’t do it. The key is in various restraints, like internal: conscience, values, integrity, and outer: police, family and religious authorities. Self-control plays an important role in preventing unacceptable acting. Development of self-control requires right  socialization, especially in early childhood. Critics use the examples of politics and businessmen’s that commit crimes. Labeling theory. The theory claims that acting become deviant only when society defines it deviant. Drug addicts, alcoholics, criminals, sex offenders, retarded people are labeled as deviant people. The consequences of being labeled can be very deep, for example people who are labeled as deviant are more likely to act against social norms as a result of the label. In support of the theory author gives the description of classic study (William Chambliss, 1973) into the effects of labeling. 1- Conclusion. 2- Introduction. 3- Arguments Explanations background information.

Reflective Essay On Pressure Sore Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Pressure Sore Nursing Essay My aim of this essay is to reflect on my learning outcome pressure sore care and management. Pressure sores also known as decubitus ulcers. Benbow (2006) defines it as areas of localized tissue damage as a result of excess pressure, shearing or friction forces. To reflect on my learning process, I am going to apply Gibbs reflective model, which is a renowned model in reflective practice. This model requires passing through six stages to complete one reflective cycle. These six stages are description, feelings, analysis, evaluation, conclusion and action plan and I am going to explore in these six steps how I achieved my learning outcome. In the first stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988) I will describe the event which inspired me to get competent in pressure sore management. My placement area was a nursing home setting where almost all service users are old age people who are prone to get pressure sores so I had seen many pressure ulcers. However, one particular service user whose pressure wound I will never forget. I will address her as Mrs. N to maintain her confidentiality (NMC 2008). She is an 86 yr old, suffering from dementia and doubly incontinence. She had a big, black and hard wound on her right hip. The skin was intact but it was extremely discolored. According to EPUAP (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel) guidelines, it was grade 4 pressure wound as there were full thickness skin loss and it was covered by necrotic tissues. It was getting foul smell and the wound started to debride from the sides in a few days. The second stage of Gibbs reflective cycle requires me to reflect on my feeling for the event. It was my first day in that unit and I went with a nurse in Mrs. Ns room where she was going to do her pressure wound dressing. I had no idea about her wounds grade. I started to assist the nurse and as she opened the dressing I was shocked. I did read the description and seen pictures for grade 4 pressure wound (EPUAP guide to pressure ulcer grading) but never seen it in my past practice so it was absolutely shocking for me. I felt very disgusted. I tried to put myself in her place and when the nurse was touching her wound I was feeling like its happening to me but the most tragic thing for Mrs. N was that she was not able to express her pain as a result of her dementia. The study conducted by Bale s., C. Dealey et al (2007) had found shocking revelations about the effect of pressure ulcers, amount of pain and its effect on a patients life. I was thinking what could be the reason behind it . Is it our negligence or something else for what patient was suffering? Third stage of Gibbs reflective model needs reflector evaluates the event. According to NICE guidelines, a patient who is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer should be assessed within 6 hours of admission (NICE 2003). While in Mrs. Ns case she has been in the nursing home for a long time so her assessment should have been ongoing as she was prone to develop it. The other thing I evaluate was that nurse remains very busy during her shifts so she relies on support staff regarding the patients condition so there are chances that nurses missed to assess Mrs. N for pressure sore on regular interval. According to Mockridge and Antony (1999), the nurse must have basic knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention, healing and treatment to avoid the occurrence and discomfort. There are many risk assessment tools to assess patient for pressure ulcer development which I have been familiar during my learning process. These scales known as Norton scale, Waterlow scale and Branden scale (Norton et al . 1985, Branden and Bergstrom 1987, Waterlow 1991 and 1998). It could have been possible to prevent Mrs. N from getting that worse ulcer by carrying out assessment based on one of these scales. Analysis is the fourth stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988). My knowledge about the pressure sore care and management was very limited. According to the code (NMC 2008) you must take part in appropriate learning and practice activities that maintain and develop your competence and performance. I decide to get competent in pressure sore care and management as I am going to be a qualified nurse I should have the knowledge and skill to practice safe (NMC2008). I analyzed from this event that first step to become competent in this skill is to learn a proper risk assessment skill using one of the risk assessment tools because prevention is always better than cure. To justify this, during my learning process I carried out some assessment on service users who were vulnerable. I used Waterlow scale (Waterlow, 1998). This assessment helped me to classify ulcer. The classification of wound helps to determine the most effective treatment (Daugherty and Lister, 2008). The next aim should be to minimize the pressure on pressure area. To apply this in my placement area I followed NICE guidelines which suggested that there must be a position changing schedule (NICE 2003). Thus, I participate with my team and we prepared position turning charts for the service users who were at risk of developing a pressure ulcer. The other factors involve in preventive managements are pressure relief devices i.e., cushions and mattresses, pressure area skin care specially in incontinence patients and ongoing assessments. The next step after the assessment is planning. It is very crucial aid which leads the patient towards fitness. I prepared and the update care plan by following NICE (2003) guidelines and my placement area policy and procedures. I discussed it with my mentor, my colleagues and other support staff to get suggestion and to improve quality of care (NMC 2008). Apart from all above factors, the important management step in grade 3-4 ulcers are dressing. I also analyzed that I need to perform ulcer dressing on Mrs. Ns ulcer to get confidence and to know my abilities. Before starting dressing I discussed with the nurse about dressing materials used for Mrs. N and prepared trolley using aseptic technique. My mentor observed me carry out dressing and I followed the steps as done by tissue viability nu rse. I also practice for dressing on grade-2 and grade- 3 pressure sores under supervision which gave me self-assurance. The nursing care is not complete without an evaluation. It helps nurses to critically evaluate the patients condition whether it is stable, has deteriorated or improved. During evaluation process I found that our care plans were making significant effects on patient care and helped us to promote their health. In the fifth stage of Gibbs reflective cycle I am going to draw a conclusion following my learning process. I have become competent in the care and management of pressure ulcer. It had provided me skill to practice confidently. If nurses caring of Mrs. N had used their skills and knowledge, then they could have prevented pressure ulcer. There must be busy working environment where for the nurse it is not possible to give detailed attention on every service user but according to the code (NMC 2008), the nurse should work with others to protect and promote the health and well-being of those in her care. I certainly learn the importance of close observation in health care practice. The final stage of the reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988) is an action plan which facilitates the reflector to plan for the future. It needs you to prepare a plan of actions to take if the situation arises again and also plan for improvement in future practice. I planned that I will perform pressure ulcer dressing whenever there will be a patient requiring pressure sore dressing to get expertise, to increase my confidence and knowledge . I will read more research articles in this area to dig up more and to deliver the best care based on the best available evidence (NMC 2008). I am also planning to discuss this topic with fellow peers.

Exceptional Students Essay -- Teaching Education

Exceptional Students Every year there are changes made about a child’s education, in the attempt to provide the best education possible for children. In recent years, the education of students with disabilities, who were previously not educated in the regular school system, has been publicly debated. The idea of inclusion, or mainstreaming has received a great deal of support. Although there is the need to adapt programs and sometimes classroom environments for the child with special needs, there are many benefits for all that are included in this situation. This paper will define the phrase â€Å"mainstreaming†, and what constitutes a child with disabilities. The role that teachers play within the classroom is one that will affect all students. The importance of teachers will be discussed as to their influence on children and parents. As well, strategies that a child and youth care worker could use when working with the disabled will be discussed. Over the past 30-35 years there have been much advancement made towards the education of students with disabilities. Students with disabilities can include students with â€Å"mental retardation, hearing impairment (deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (blindness), serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, health impairments, or learning disabilities.† (Deiner 1993, p. 27) In the past, disabled children were often placed in institutions, or kept in the home, with no form of education. Educating the disabled was thought to be a waste of time, since their future roles were limited. At the present time, inclusion begins early, within the schools, and continues throughout the life span, through employment. There has be a significant shift away from the placement of disabled children in institutions, and instead into the classroom. This idea of â€Å"mainstreaming† means moving handicapped children to the least restrictive environment, away from segregated classes and into regular classes. These changes have occurred for many reasons. Parents began to advocate for their disabled children, and put pressure on administration and lawmakers to allow children equal chances. Federal legislature ruled in favor of the development of special education programs. Court decisions ruled in favor of every child’s right to receive public education. The ... ...vel of engaged behaviors. The ability for the teacher and special education teacher to work together in a team teaching role will definitely benefit the student (Logan, Bakeman & Keefe 1997). Planning is the key to successful disabled children. As a child and youth worker you need to be able to adapt programs for children, based on their ability, and be willing to help them reach their goals. Bibliography: References Scruggs, T.E., & Mastropieri, M.A. (1996). Teacher Perceptions of Mainstreaming/Inclusion, 1958-1995: A Research Synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63(1) 59-74. Field, S. (1996). Self-Determination Instructional Strategies for Youth with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29(1), 40-59. Logan, K.R., Bakeman, R. & Keefe, E.B. (1997). Effects of Instructuinal Variables on Engaged Behavior of Students with Disabilities in General Education Classrooms. Exceptional Children 63(4), 481-497. Goldson, E. (1998). Children with Disabilities and Child Maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(7), 663-667. Deiner, P.L. (1993). Resources for Teaching Children with Diverse Abilities. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Orlando, Fl.

American Psycho Review

Psycho is a cult movie based on the much controversial novel by Brett Gaston Ellis. Directed by Mary Harrow, it is a dark comedy and a clever satire of America in the 1 us that artfully connects conformity, materialism, misogyny, narcissism, classicism and superficiality. If you are a movie connoisseur and enjoy well directed stories, you should definitely not miss American Psycho. But this movie Is a bit difficult to assimilate as it is hard on your guts and your mind due to the obvious violence and gore, it is not for everyone, but definitely Is a work of art!The opening reedits are very artsy and one of the finest examples of cinematography Eve ever seen. The cranberry Juice Is very easily mistaken as drops of blood falling which Is a very subtle Imagery evoking sinister abstractions. The attention to detail Is almost Impeccable, from the dressing styles, the music culture, architecture, gadgets, the landscape, Interior decorations & design, to the movie texture. There Is a deep c haracter study of Patrick Bateman, who Is a suave yuppie working at Wall Street. This wealthy 27 year old working as Vice President in Pierce & Pierce becomes a psycho killer by evening.The character is portrayed by the flamboyant welsh actor Christian Bale whose performance was nothing less than chilling and sensational. Bale did a great job to bring out the split personality of Bateman. Bateman has many unusual traits. He is an attention-to-detail freak. During his elaborate morning routine, he even mentions why he doesn't use aftershave with little or no alcohol. Why? â€Å"Because alcohol makes your skin dry and makes you look older†. He is the epitome of narcissism which is why he HAS to look good and have the perfect body. He even video tapes his sexual escapades.His laconic manner of dialogues goes to suggest typical psychopathic behavior. There is a sever diversification and identity crisis depicted in the movie where Bateman desperately tries to stand out. Bateman wa s easily mistaken to be Halberds because they wore the same suits and went to the same salons. Another hilarious moment was when they were comparing their business cards and all of them were Vice presidents of the same firm! You know you are a Patrick Bateman when you are on the verge of murdering the other person if their business card is better than yours.Bateman dines at the nines of restaurants, wears only designer clothes, lives in an uptown Manhattan apartment overlooking the American gardens, goes to the best spas and tanning booths, gets off on cocaine and if these aren't enough to fill his hollowness, he resorts eating cooked brains of random strangers. He Is absolutely devoid of human emotions, those other than lust, greed and disgust. He kills his associate Paul Allen because Paul could get a reservation at some fancy restaurant and he couldn't! There are some disturbing scenes where he commits grisly murders of his friend Elizabeth, homeless person and his dog out of she er boredom.As the story unfolds, his blood thirst becomes more acute and he rampantly kills people In order to get noticed. This is when he starts to lose grip on reality and things become more surreal which suggests that the killings were in his head. There are many junctures in the movie where this is almost evident, for example the ATM machine read â€Å"Feed me a stray cat† and Bateman tried to insert the cat forcefully through the slot. By the end of the to convey? † Also did or did not Bateman kill all those people. But it is not a real story, he killings are clearly metaphorical.It mocks an era where women treated like garbage; people resorted to conformity & materialism and where the well-off folks were ‘busy listening to annoying music, getting high, eating gourmet meals and talking big. It has a subtle philosophical tangent too, it is not that life is pointless and therefore Bateman does evil, but instead that he does evil to prove (to himself) that life is pointless and his actions have no ramifications. Hence a society without a moral compass makes the environment congenial for psychopaths like Bateman to be born.

Autoliv QB A Proposed Joint Venture

Autoliv QB A Proposed Joint Venture Problem statement In this case study, the General Manager of Qualibrand, Mr. Orosa is faced with a prospective joint venture proposition. A quick look at the situation reveals that Qualibrand Company is the right choice to consider in the joint business venture with Autoliv because it has good marketing capabilities in the targeted market in terms of sales of its products.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Autoliv QB: A Proposed Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However the venture involves production and distribution of a new product which Qualibrand lacks knowledge in and thus possesses limited technological expertise to produce. In addition to this, Mr. Orosa has not factor in the future goals and objectives of Qualibrands as related to possible profits and losses or further market expansions derived from increased demand. Another problem that is inherent in this assessment structure is that Qualib rand does not cover all aspects required before involving itself in a joint venture. In addition to this, the potential market (Thailand) is already saturated by other self established suppliers of the same product and this will pose a serious problem when it comes to distribution and marketing. Problem analysis Qualibrand Company has been dealing with the production of minor car accessories and distribution of differentiated products on a local level. This venture proposes a production capacity higher than what qualibrand can handle. In addition to this, it is a new product to Qualibrand which means new technology, better labor and new marketing and distribution strategies in order to efficiently ensure success in this joint venture.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same note, there are some aspects that have been neglected during the whole process. For example there is no specific timeframe as to how long the alliance will last or how the profits and losses will be divided in the future of the venture. To add on this, there is no clear information on how the joint venture will affect Qualibrand’s current operations. Also Mr. Orosa would be the general manager if the joint venture went through but it is clear that he and Qualibrand as a whole lacked the expertise to produce and market this new product both in terms of skills and experience. As Schniederjans (1998) literates, poor management skills leads to poor results and without this knowledge, the venture was bound to fail. Also, Autoliv has not fully addressed the human resource aspect. This is because SMACA as a partner is given a small portion on the overall management of the venture yet its contribution is of great significance to the whole operation. This would bring some unforeseen conflicts in the future if not addressed. In addition to this, Qualibrand has not co nsidered how it will handle its human resource during the transition. As suggested by Autoliv, in order to be fully compliant they require new employees who are conversant and experienced with the technology and production of the seat belts. The other option would be to offer training to the current employees a process which would evidently take time and consume more resources in terms of finances. This is the most important aspect to consider because the employees are core to the success of any venture. Qualibrand should instead figure out a better option through which they can maintain their worker and equip them with the necessary skills.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Autoliv QB: A Proposed Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another problem that may arise from this venture is the communication issue. For any joint venture to realize full potential there must be efficient communication channels between the partners (Dianne, 1995). From the provided case it is evident that there is a communication problem. This is evident from the fact that there has not been any meeting convened between the key players of this venture. This means that Autoliv is trying to manipulate the whole deal without considering the different opinions in strategy that the other partners may have. Probable solutions for the problems Before signing the final papers, all the partners must ensure that they meet and discuss the whole venture. In so doing, they will be able to settle any differences that they may have and at the same time come up with ideal solutions and decisions. In addition to this, they all must produce their financial statement and other information accompanied with their set goals as pertaining to the venture to ensure that trust prevails through out the venture. Also, a detailed SWOT analysis should be presented to all partners so that they can further understand the dynamics of the venture. On the same note, an implementation model should also be designed to ensure that the proceedings are systematic, and all the political, economical, social and technological (PEST) aspects are covered and handled accordingly. Additionally, a recruitment strategy should be put in place to ensure that all the employees in this venture are more than qualified for the available jobs and the process of recruiting, retraining and hiring is balanced between all the involved partners. Gutterman acclaims that a good joint venture is one that evaluates all the strengths and weaknesses of the partners and maximizes on them irrespective of the prevailing conditions (2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applicability of the solutions In presenting the SWOT analysis of each partner, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats surrounding each individual company shall be known. The information gathered from the analysis can be used to identify which firm best suits a particular responsibility. For example Qualibrand lacks the technology and skilled man power needed for the success of this venture but this is covered by Autoliv which has both. On the other hand, Autoliv’s lack of marketing and distribution channels in the Philippines is compensated by Qualibrand’s efficiency in the same. The PEST analysis would help this venture in evaluating how other factors may influence the venture. For example, the impact that taxes, fiscal policies, political atmosphere, social and environmental factors have on the prices and demand of the product. In so doing, production limits and prices can be set in relation to the demand and supply tendencies of the targeted markets. The recruitment process is core to the survival of any business venture and by carefully selecting the most qualified candidates it ensures that the venture will survive the developing stage which is the hardest stage in a business cycle. Also, the process helps create a unified vision among the partners and employees hence motivating them to work even harder. Impact of the solutions to the company As a result of the PEST analysis, the company will be able to minimize the overall cost of production because an illustrative study of the market will always be available. Also the information gathered can be used to monitor demand and therefore reduce the rick of over or under production. The SWOT analysis will help the company fully utilize the available resources from the firms efficiently thereby providing it with a competitive edge against other competitors. The recruitment strategy will have the greatest effect on marketing, production and service provision. If the most qualified an d experienced workers are employed in the various departments, then the company will run with lots of ease due to the high level of professionalism employed by the workers. Possible issues arising from the solutions Due to the changes in operation, some of the employees currently working in Qualibrand will have to be laid off. This is bound to cause commotions and a demonstration is likely to occur due to the drastic move. However the managers of Qualibrand should organize a compensation package to all the employees that have dedicated themselves to the company but do not have adequate qualifications for the transition. Due to the importation of man power from other countries, there should be some training offered to the foreigners so as to bridge the cultural diversity that would arise from the employees. This will help in reducing conflicts that may come up due to the various differences that the employees may have. Conclusion From the above analysis, a detailed discussion has bee n offered concerning the alliance of Qualibrand and the partners. The potential problems have been highlighted and solutions given. Also the social and ethical impacts of this joint venture have been mentioned and recommendations as to how they can be resolved have been put across. If implemented, the joint venture would be as productive as expected. References Schniederjans, M. J. (1998). Operations Management in a Global Context. NY: Greenwood Publishing Group Gutterman, A. (2002). A short course in international joint ventures: negotiating, forming, and operating the international joint venture. World Trade Press. Dianne, J, C. (1995). The human resource challenge of international joint ventures. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Scientific Management vs. Needs Theorists

Scientific Management vs. Needs Theorists Free Online Research Papers This essay will discuss the notion that the claims of the ‘Needs Theorists’, though impressive, are impractical in reality and therefore, that Taylors Scientific Management approach is better suited for achieving organisational effectiveness and efficiency. The importance of understanding and predicting human behaviour in an organisational setting became of prime importance in the late 1950’s early 1960’s. Prior to then bureaucratic practices and scientific management techniques had sufficed as mechanisms through which management could maximise control and productivity. The reliance on psychology as a legitimatory tool for managerial solutions to workplace problems has led to claims that it and it alone, has provided solutions to many of the human problems encountered in business. Lecture notes (4/11/2007) The Needs theories are based on simple ideas that work-related behaviours are directed to satisfying certain needs. People will try their hardest to achieve in and outside work to satisfy their needs depending on the type and quality of that need. A. Furnham (1997) The most well known theory is that of Maslow (1954). Maslows theory supposed that people have five types of needs that are activated in a hierarchical manner. And then the needs are aroused in a specific order, that the lower-order need must be satisfied before the next higher-order needs have been satisfied. When the lowest-order need is met then the next highest need in the hierarchy is triggered, and so on. A. Furnham (1997) At the beginning of the twentieth century an influential model of organisational behaviour was scientific management which was the approach that was developed by F. W. Taylor, which he intended for achieving organisational effectiveness and efficiency. The basis of his approach is that if you study what to do in sufficient detail you can optimise the performance of individuals by cutting out all the redundant effort and maximising the useful movements. J. Weightman (1999) â€Å"For example, by looking at how someone skins and slices white fish in a factory you can see that some workers are much more efficient than others. By analysing them ‘scientifically’, that is systematically, to see each movement they make of the fish, hands, body and knife you can arrive at a pattern to teach others to make them more efficient fish skinners and slicers. if this principle of careful analysis is then applied to the whole selection of staff and equipment you arrive at a scientifically managed organisation.† J. Weightman (1999) This scientific procedure is still seen in such devices as quality procedures, the design of control systems in factories and in the analysis of tasks for piece work. The hard part of using only such a ‘hard’ mechanistic approach is that its hard to take into account any individual differences because not everyone is able to work effectively in the same way. And some individuals may fail to show their initiative and creativity that they have to offer. However the approach can also be useful to managers where the turnover of staff is high, a simple routine task or where the staff cannot be expected to be very motivated. Mcdonald’s food chain is a prime example of this approach. It has scientifically analysed every aspect of their business from the raw materials and packaging, to training of the staff. Another example is call centres like telephone banking and advice lines, where the staff are always under pressure to reach targets and they have little influence over their work. J. Weightman (1999) Research Papers on Scientific Management vs. Needs TheoristsThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export Quotas