Education Theory Essay

English Language Learner (ELL), English as Second Language (ESL), and English as Foreign Language (EFL) are the teaching and learning strategies of English language for students whose first language other than language. The complexities and technicalities of English Language often confuse students having non-English background and especially those who live in non-English speaking countries (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). ELL, ESL, EFL and similar courses are designed to help students to enroot themselves in the basics and essentials of English from beginning. Importance of ELL Globalization has seen English becoming the language with maximum reach and influence, and it is taught in many nations as the second language. With English becoming the international language of commerce, business, law, technology and medicine, it is has become an essential career and communication tool. Estimates are that around 1. 5 billion people around the world, out of which more than 70 percent are non-native speakers of English, use English as a language of communication (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). In consequence there are host of full-fledged academies and dedicated institutions in many non English-speaking countries that design curriculum and try to select most appropriate course material to impart English communication skills to students (Gass and Schachter, 1996). On a secondary and more immediate level, there is a continuous influx of foreign nationals in USA and many of them lack formal communication training in English. The foreign nationals and students, who come to USA in thousands every year, share a combined language background of more than 1000 languages. The individual background of foreign nations s acts as a hindrance in their amalgamation with their immediate surrounding and culture, and presents the image of USA as an alien nation (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). This obviously requires designing a comprehensive and all assimilating learning procedure that can act as cultural and linguistic melting pot. In this respect ELL assumes a very important role, providing a crucial cross over opportunity to foreign students, imparting the necessary communication learning and teaching that is essential for their survival in the generally English surrounding (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). Theories in ELL designing Most of the students passing through traditional ELL courses have reported difficulty in actual understanding of content and implications of English language when they face it in the real life situation. In this perspective, researchers have theorized that by observing the model of English education imparted in native English speaking countries and modeling the ELL courses on those parameters (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). The most prevalent and popular pedagogy model observed for native students showed that students were required to study novels, short stories, literature work, and were required to devote their time to writing. The formal schooling requires students to get well versed in descriptive, narrative, argumentative and imaginative style of writing (Gass and Schachter, 1996). These models also required students to undertake discussion and expositions on the literature material they covered during the course along with developing their own text, expressing their own ideas and reviewing and analyzing other works. Most of the major educational institutions have started following this process-oriented approach in language education that makes learning of language as a non-directional endeavor, enabling students to develop their inner thinker and writer and empowering them to imbibe, rather than learn, English language (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). Since 1980s, researchers have found that ELL methods succeeded mostly for students who were encouraged to develop a cognitive and create approach towards English through the process of writing (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). Writing helps students to think originally, compose ideas in a logical way, transfer the essential communication strategies to students and enable them to develop a reflective intuition on interpretation of English text and language. There are a number of additional studies and researches to prove that learning strategies that are based on the model of primary education techniques have been successful in creating the most effective set of models (Gass and Schachter, 1996).

American fast food restaurant Essay

Subway is an American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctor’s Associates, Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40,229 restaurants in 102 countries and territories as of 11 September 2013.[1] It is the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally.[3][4][5] Subway’s main operations office is in Milford, Connecticut; five regional centers support Subway’s growing international operations. The regional offices for European franchises are located in Amsterdam, Netherlands; the Australia and New Zealand locations are supported from Brisbane, Australia; the Asian locations are supported from offices located in Beirut, Lebanon, and Singapore; and the Latin America support center is in Miami, Florida.[6] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early history 2 Products 2.1 Regional variations 2.2 Nutritional content 3 Advertising 3.1 $5 footlongs 3.2 Sub Club 4 Controversies 4.1 Sandwich size 4.2 Franchise relations 4.3 UK VAT treatment 4.4 Casey’s trademark case against Subway 5 References 6 External links History Early history Subway’s original logo used from 1965 to 2002. In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start â€Å"Pete’s Super Submarines† in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year they formed Doctor’s Associates Inc to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[7] The holding company derives its name from Fred DeLuca’s goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Peter Buck’s having a doctorate in physics.[8] Doctor’s Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[9] In 1968, the sandwich shop began using the name â€Å"Subway† for the first time.[7] Subway restaurant, Pittsfield Township, Michigan The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California in 1978. [10] The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984.[11]In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters, and surpassed the number of McDonald’s locations inside US Walmart stores in 2007.[12]

Criminal justice system in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal justice system in Australia - Essay Example There are various types of criminal justice systems – the adversarial and the inquisitorial are two of the systems more commonly used by various countries and territories. This paper shall focus on Australia and its adversarial system. It shall discuss the thesis: When all is said and done, the current criminal justice system is about as fair and equitable as we can reasonably expect. This paper is to be analysed based on the Australian justice system as it applies its adversarial system as a fair and equitable tool. Discussion The adversarial criminal system is a common law system of carrying out proceedings where the parties, not the judge, have the task of establishing the issues being disputed and of investigating and further advancing the proceedings (Law Reform Commission, 1999). In contrast, the inquisitorial system is the civil code system where the judge has an important responsibility. The term adversary implies â€Å"opposition.† ... The crucial consideration in this system is the fact that the most number of fair resolutions of crimes are likely to occur with both sides being allowed to argue cases effectively before a fair and impartial jury (Schmalleger, 2007). In effect, it is not up to the prosecution or the defence to establish the guilt of a party, it is up to an impartial party hearing the case. As a result, it can be easily deemed that advocates on either side, arguing their side of the issue before an impartial judge can be considered the best means of achieving justice in the criminal justice system (Schmalleger, 2007). In instances however, when the system is seen as a means of seeking fault in a crime, there must be a thorough awareness of the limitations of this system. When all is said and done, the Australian adversarial criminal justice system is about as fair and as effective as can be reasonably expected. The Australian criminal justice system is fair and effective because the main goal of an a dversary system is to â€Å"prevent private justice by retribution† (Law Reform Commission, 2004, p. 24). The aim of this system is to secure procedural fairness within the society, a fairness which provides both sides of the issue a chance to express their side and be given equal protection by the system. The jury system has always been known as the linchpin of the system because in most of the cases, the judges play an active role, and the jury, a passive role (Associated Content, 2006). This is especially crucial for the defendants who are often defended by overworked and underskilled defenders (Associated Content, 2006). The judge plays an active role because the system has to depend on the ability of the advocates who are representing the

Analysis adolescence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis adolescence - Essay Example My goal in this paper is to analyse adolescence and youth of today as echoed in Hall’s â€Å"sensation-seeking adolescents† several decades ago. The reasons behind the innate aggressive behavior of males and females are examined. Sexual development is discussed to give light to the questions of heightened sexuality during adolescence. I will try to establish the link between sensation-seeking and risk behavior, especially the occurrence of confusions in adolescents. The different aspects of adolescents’ confusions on matters like physical changes, eating habits, and sexuality are viewed. Their desire to build their own identity keeps them at odd with their parents. They feel nobody loves them so they become closer to their friends. But sometimes, they fall victims to wrong companions and they are led to drugs, unreasonable behavior and other forms of vices. Peer pressure and family pressures are also discussed to unravel what’s going on inside an adolescen t’s mind. Another controversial aspect is the analysis of the child’s sexuality. ... Hall’s â€Å"storm and stress† view is examined in three key aspects: conflict with parents, mood disruptions and peer pressures. In all three aspects, evidence supports a modified storm and stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural disparities. This paper will present research that both supports and critises the inherent nature of adolescents. The analysis of the case is achieved in three main sections. I will begin by giving the meaning of adolescence. ‘Adolescence is the process of changing from a child into an adult’ (Hurrelnan1994). Furthermore, rapid changes in body size and shape are the most obvious signs of approaching adolescence. Both girls and boys grow swiftly in height. ‘The arm and leg bones lengthen, and the chin and jaws develop so the face takes on a more mature look’ (Rice 1986). Finally, Hall’s observation of adolescence as a period of storm and stress is investigated before concluding. I t is during adolescence that young people mature physically, becomes responsible and start to face the world on their own. ‘It usually begins at the age of 11 and 14, and continues six to ten years’ (Allen 1993). Physical changes are evident in their bodies. ‘The girl’s body becomes more rounded and soft, her hips broaden and her breasts start to develop. Her voice deepens and pubic hair starts to grow. On the other hand, the boy’s body becomes firmer and angular, his voice deepens, his shoulder broadens and hair develops in his body and feet. Sex glands mature in both sexes’ (Santrock 1987). These changes begin before puberty and differ from one person to another. ‘In both sexes, the reproductive organs gradually reach their adult sizes and functions during the first two-thirds of adolescence.

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Assignment

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Assignment Example Moreover, AT&T provides GSM, TDMA and UMTS services. These are the example of niche marketing activities. AT&T has started to sell their wireless and GSM services in iphone, collaborating with Apple Corporation (Grant and Meadows, 2012). Its exclusive accord to competitive market place has differentiated AT&T from its potential competitors. Vast spectrum utilization of AT&T offers its subscribers the video conferencing service. AT&T wireless is the only telecom company in US market that promises; people can get connected with each other anywhere and anyway by its efficient telecom service. AT&T has successfully diversified their business in several international markets. It is the leading wireless service provider in global market that provides Voice-IP, Voice-PTT, HSPDA and video sharing. Moreover, efficient channel exposure has increased the competitive advantage of AT&T. The story of AT&T depicts the 130 years old history. The old giant company has efficiently served the customers in telecommunication sector. From the foundation in 1875 by Graham Bell to this present era, the global telecommunication industry has evidenced several key events of AT&T. The study focuses on the corporate-level strategies of AT&T. After the successful invention of telephone in the year 1875 by Graham Bell, the company has diversified their business. The vertical integration of the company created the opportunity of transferring the corporate skills of the company. In an addition, BTC also did acquisitions of many licenses. It actually increases the market power of BTC. Years after years the both vertical and horizontal integration helped BTC to create the economies of scope. Moreover, they have continuously generated the know-how technology. The monopolistic status of the company resulted many filed regulation suits. At one point of time AT&T lost the brand image and huge market share due to

Philosophy Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Statement - Essay Example (Winter and Uleman, 1984) An ideal leader needs to have determination, influence, leadership, care and concern towards his team members, openness to understand and accept the opinions of members. Ideally situation needs to be such that the team feels that their leader match the characteristics of their leadership theories. The attitudes of different leaders are taken into account and the one showing most positive inclination towards fulfillments of the leadership theories is chosen as the leader. The leader’s passiveness may be reduced when there is a characetr of openness and reflection on the followers’ part. All these automatically impart the requried characteristics in the leader. Leadership refers to a certain property or a group of characteristics taken together such that they are inherent in a person defiend as a leader. Leadership is also a process of enacting these traits into action when required. According to me, the people working with (the leader) should be cooperative, submissive and obedient but at the same time do not hesitate to put forward their valuable suggestions politely. People working with me need to be united and have a progressive thought pattern. I would expect the people to follow my lead in unison and provide their suggestions only when asked instead of acting according to their own will. The people in my team may expect me to provide them with the true value of leadership where they would find me as the guide and a friend until the common goal is reached. People can expect that as a leader, I shall be able to logically explain them the common goal or set of objectives to be achieved and be with them in times of crisis. The people may also expect me to help them take the best possible decision. A very popularized theory I would like to follow is the situational theory. According to the situational leadership method formulated by Blanchard and Hersey,

Translating children's books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Translating children's books - Essay Example Consisting of four main parts, the first, analyses the translation of children's literature. The second, language aspects will be shown. The third, discusses translation strategy. Following this, the conclusion will summarize the key points in the essay. Translation is simply transformation, a form of adaptation trying to fit a new metaphor with the original (Biquenet & Schulte 1989: 2). Translation is understood as a semantic or linguistic concept. It is seen as part of a transfer mechanism - the process by which textual models of one system are transferred to another. In the process, certain results are produced within the target system, which relate in various and complex ways to products of the source system. The final product from translation is the result of the relationship between a source system and a target system, a relationship that is itself determined by a certain hierarchy of semantic constraints. While viewing translation as part of a transfer process, it must be noted that it is not just translations of texts from one language to another, but also the translations of texts from one system to another - for example, translations from the adult system into the children's. Also children's literature should be understood as belonging to the polysystem of entire literature which consists of both adult and children's literature; hence the transfer from one system to another becomes more crucial (Shavit 1986). The behaviour of translating children's literature is determined by the position of children's literature within the literary polysystem. In transferring the text from the English to Japanese we must consider overall constraints and also innovations in language. Historically language has always evolved throughout the centuries no matter what language we discuss. Many languages borrow words and phrases from other languages. English is especially guilty of this phenomenon. Thus old words, no longer in use, are replaced by newer more contemporary ones. For example classic texts such as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels, use old style English language and phraseology which were appropriate in their time. In translation, much has to do with the translators overall motives and methods he or she may employ. Whether to faithfully reproduce the original text to the target using similar phraseology to the original, or adapt the original text by using modern semantic in the target language is a decision the translator needs to make. There is one major problem when translating for children over translating for adults. Like other translations, it is anonymous. But while literature written for children is acknowledged, the translation part of it is not acknowledged. Children's translators are not seen as people possessing their own childhood experiences and child images which they are unable to escape from. Child image is a complex issue based on each individual's personal history and also something that is common in

Exam I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam I - Essay Example The Mexican civilization decided to learn from the ancient Toltec. For Aztec, the Toltec were the origins of all cultures. There were several mythologies for Aztec because they had combined several traditions with their own earlier traditions. This resulted in the formation of diverse culture in Mexico. The Ixtlilxochitl’s legend is one of the most important and complete creation in Mexican mythology. According to the myth Lord is the one who created the universe, stars, animals, mountains and humans. The mythological stories created by the Mixtecs are also important in the origin of Mexican mythology. It mainly describes about the isolation of people of the Southern part of Mexico. Apart from them the Mexican Noah and the Sacrificed Princess are some other important mythologies of Mexican origins. The Mexican Noah describes about the destruction of the world due to evil nature of humans. On the other hand the sacrificed princess describes about the ritual of sacrifice. The Fugitive Prince is another Mexican mythology that describes about the greed and self-survival nature of humans. The political advancements are clearly visible from this mythology. There are several other mythologies that have built up the Mexican beliefs. The most important part of the Mexican mythology i s unity in diversity. Despite the existence of several civilizations and cultures the pattern of worship is almost similar. The Huitzilopochtli is the best example of Mexican mythology that proves the common patterns of the Mexican beliefs. It is about the rising up of the skies of the South and it is surrounded by trees, divination symbols, temples and patterns. The Aztec mythology is the collection of myths of Central Mexico and Aztec civilization. Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl are the two Gods worshipped by the Mexican people as the God of

Critique and Development of Research Questions Essay

Critique and Development of Research Questions - Essay Example onsidered as a chief method of ensuring national security and the employment of Polygraph interviews as part of security clearance procedures in different branches of the American government has been widely criticized. Thus, in the background of ongoing debates on the utility of polygraph in national security, the scope and relevance of a profound research on the topic is categorical. In this research paper, the focal attempt has been to make a scrupulous investigation on ‘the utility of polygraph in national security’. The psycho-physiological detection of deception (PDD) including polygraph testing should be given more crucial attention in current researches. â€Å"In stark contrast to the scientific literature on forensic use of PDD, the use of FDD in employment and for screening, including screening for national security, is the subject of relatively little published research. Initial commentary on the use of polygraphs for national security screening focused on pro blems that all diagnostic tests experience when attempting to diagnose a rare condition.† (Granhag and Strà ¶mwall, 2004, p 118). In the background of serious debates on the question, it is of central implication to have a precise analysis of the matters and to come up with the most sagacious findings on the question. Therefore, the importance of this research paper is greater and the potential findings of this investigation on ‘the utility of polygraph in national security’ also justify the scope of the study. The utility of polygraph in national security has been a critical topic which has attained enormous focus and invited national interest in the modern American context. The paper attempts to undertake a profound investigation into the topic ‘The Utility of Polygraph in National Security’ and come up with the most sagacious findings on the questions which attract the current debates. Polygraph testing has been a serious technique of security assurance for a long time, in spite of the

Climate Change Impacts & Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Climate Change Impacts & Trends - Essay Example According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, 2014), the main cause of global warming is greenhouse effects because of the trend of human expansion. NASA named three gases as the main component that traps radiation in the atmosphere; these are methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Other gases listed are the nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Human activities like the burning of oil and coal play a significant role in increasing greenhouse gases (Withgott, and Brennan, 2010). Accumulation of the greenhouse gases in the space traps radiations and cause the increase in temperatures (Freedman 2012a). The increasing temperature leads to melting of the snows, which results in rising water sea levels. A rise in water sea level reduces the land for agriculture as well as changed ecosystem in the Arctic and Antarctica. Such changes in weather and climate patterns over years would lead to changes in the biodiversity, these have devastating effects on land and marine ecosystems because it affects the flora and fauna (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010; Van Aalst, 2006). The long-term effect is the emergence of diseases that are resistance to available drugs because they get adapted to the environment very fast hence uncontrolled diseases. Besides, the abnormal warm sea surface temperature, as well as the disappearance of Arctic sea ice, contributed significantly to these changes in weather patterns and the impact on property, land, and human life was massive especially in New Jersey, New York.

Jurassic Park Summary Report Essay Example for Free

Jurassic Park Summary Report Essay Jurassic Park Summary Report Jurassic Park, by Michael Crichton is a thrilling, science fiction novel. It tells the story about the cloning of dinosaurs, which are to be controlled in a theme park, however one mans greed, drove the park into devastation and destruction. I consider the plot to be complex. The novel is based upon a theme park featuring dinosaurs, which are created from prehistoric DNA. The novel begins with bizarre attacks from bird like creatures. John Hammond a wealthy, elderly man establishes this park. However, before the ark is to be opened, Hammond invites three scientists to come visit the island to approve of it. They are Alan Grant a Paleontologist, Ellie Sattler a Poleobotanist, and Ian Malcolm a Mathematician. Hammond also invites his two eager grandchildren, Tim and Lex, to come explore the park. While they are visiting they separate into groups to take a tour of the park. They depart in electric-run land cruisers. While they are examining the surroundings around them Tim and Lex notice raptors leaving on a boat to go to the mainland. Meanwhile, a rival company is paying a disgruntled employee at the park, Dennis Nedry, a million and half-dollars to steal dinosaur embryos. After Nedry has followed through with the plans the security system is shut down leaving the electricity shut off. Grant and the rest of his company are now stranded in the park. Their land cruisers break down on the perimeter of the tyrannosaurus padlock. The group is terrified to find that the fences are not electrified and that the t-rex has escaped. The t-rex attacks the vehicle with the children in it and the remainder of the people are killed r manage to escape. Grant, Lex, and Tim are unfortunately now trapped in the park together. While they are in the park they have to hide and run from many dangerous predators. Whilst trying to reach safety Grant observes eggshells. This causes him to anticipate that the dinosaurs in the park are breeding. Grant was told that this could not be possible considering the park had only female dinosaurs in it. Grant brings the eggshells with him to provide evidence that they are in fact breeding. Grant believes that when inosaurs are all of the female gender and therefore dont have any one to mate with, they are capable of randomly changing their sex. The people who survive their visit to Jurassic Park are taken off the island to safety. there are a dozen frozen embryos still in existence, the possibility still remains for more dinosaurs to be produced. The theme greed is distinctively revealed in Jurassic Park. I strongly agree with the message that Michael Crichton is trying to portray. The message itself shows that the motivation of greed does not guarantee success in life. John Hammond the owner of Jurassic Park demonstrates an excellent example of greed. Hammonds greed was motivated by his desire for wealth. This ultimately led to nor only his own desire, but many other lives were ruined and the reality of the park was destroyed. The plot was very intense; it had many events that were suspenseful though forceful. I enjoyed the plot, in general I considered it to be clear, exciting, and reasonably interesting. I thought Michael Crichton overall did a superior Job on the plot. The events I found were well structured, and generally simple to follow. I considered the plot to be believable and as I read I found myself questioning whether the cloning of dinosaurs could actually take place. I wondered if scientists had actually tried to take prehistoric DNA from mosquitoes and try to recreate prehistoric creatures. I imagine that Michael Crichton had to put a lot of consideration into creating the plot so it would make the novel become alive. I thought the novel was exhilarating and most amusing to read. I believe that Jurassic Park was extremely well written. I would absolutely recommend this novel to anyone.

Integration versus generic approach Essay Example for Free

Integration versus generic approach Essay Integration versus Generic Approach Author Note This paper is being submitted on November 17, 2013, HS/100 Introduction to Human services course. Integration versus Generic Approach The integration concept is that which emphasis’s on the integrating of the various human services systems under one organizational or administrative system. In the most basic terms, an integrated service delivery approach serves people better, more efficiently and effectively. Integration calls for people within agencies to be involved and invested in the process of sustainable change. To achieve truly integrated services, organizations must overcome their own interests and look at clients’ needs. (Friedman and Pagan, 2011). Today technology allows human service agencies to have a comprehensive view of client need, giving caseworkers the best information to look at services across programs and to allocate available resources to assist customers. This enables agencies to deploy necessary services quickly in a well-coordinated fashion (Freidman and Pagen, 2011). The generic approach to human services, in part, has integration, but it is generally believed that the existing human services structure is most accurately described as an array of potentially related programs that deliver distinct benefits or services to narrowly defined target populations. These programs are usually separate and distinct, through which money, regulations, and professional norms, and expectations flow. While some overlapping across programs has always existed, each usually operates in a relatively self-contained manner (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). I believe that the integration approach serves our publics best interest. To have all systems and programs come together to see the big picture, to focus on all the problems together, instead of having to go place to place to work on separate issues Unfortunately, a  ready-made definition of service integration does not exist. We have not been able to find a magic threshold that marks the separation of unintegrated service systems from those we would characterize as integrated (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). (Ragan, 2003) states, â€Å"There is no single answer. Based on observations†¦service integration is a combination of strategies that simplifies and facilitates clients’ access to benefits and services. Each site has implemented a distinctive mix of strategies, processes, and partner agencies†.

Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions

Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions Introduction: I am to speak ten minutes; I need a week for preparation; if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now.  ~ Woodrow Wilson Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions. Basically it is two way process of exchange that involves sender and receiver. Sender is a person who encodes and sends the information and which is then received by the receiver through different communication channels where the message is decodes, information is being processed and the proper reply can be send via the same communication channel. Effective communication plays very important role in any organization. The best thing to get the organizational goals or objectives, communication is the most important thing. However in some organization communication unfortunately is neglected and is the main issue for those companies who are not performing well. The employees who have poor communication skill in the organization have les chances of growth and development so it is very important and critical issues for the organizations now days. (Gopal, Namita G.: 2009) Types of Communication: Communication might be through diverse processes and methods and the different channel and style of communication. There can be different types of communication.   Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels on the basis of the channels used for communication, it can be divided into two Verbal communication Non-Verbal Communication In Verbal communication it includes written and oral communication while in non-verbal communication it includes body language like gesture, pasture, nodding etc., expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures. Verbal Communication It can be further divided into Oral communication. Written In the oral communication it includes the spoken words in the whole process. It can either be face-to-face or chatting with the people over the phone or over the Internet. Sometime in oral communication conversations might be influenced by the voice tone, pitch, level and even the speed and clearness of speaking. While in Written communication it can be either by post, letter, fax, or email. The effectiveness of written communication can be affected by the writing style, grammar and vocabulary used and clearness and accuracy of language.   Nonverbal Communication   While in non verbal communication the person who communicates, the overall body language of the person in which his postures, gestures and the movements of the whole body. However the facial expressions are very important in non verbal communication it will show the mood of the person who is speaking. While the gestures express the emotions like a handshake, a smile or a hug. It can also be in the form of pictures, signboards painting etc. Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose There are two broad types of communication which is based on the style of , Formal Communication Informal communication Formal Communication   It is usually relates to a large or small group speaking. It is mostly strict and bound to rules. It always is in a formal or official format. Basically all sort of business or corporate communication comes in formal communication. Conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters in any official languages are used for communication. It can occur between two strangers when they meet first time to each other Formal communication can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Formal Communication should be formal, straightforward and precise. However instances of non verbal communication such as wearing of business attire in order to be more professional Informal Communication Informal communication is a type in which people talk to each other freely and usually it is related to interpersonal communication however it is bounded by rule made of society norms but the speaker can speak freely and there is more room to be free. The speaker can say anything which he/she thinks. Informal communication can be between friends, family and relatives or any person who have the similar wavelength as It does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. It does not restrict with the time limit, place and events or subjects. It is more emotional form of communication where the less emphasis on non verbal communication and more emphasis on real feelings. (Hamilton, C.:2007) Importance of Communication in an Organization: The most important and best function of management in any organization is communication. It is impossible to have relations to ach other without communication. However for good and successful business the effective communication is required. (Means L.Thomas:2009) Effective Communication has its importance in any organization due to the followings: For Manager ____ Relations with Employees: Information and decision is a main component of management- employee relations. What a manger wants from its employees it can not be done unless and until there is a strong communication between them. Mostly management problems arise if the communication level is weak between them. There are more chances of misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be reduced by effective and proper communication. Motivational and Morale of Employees: The best tool for the motivation of the employees is effective communication that can increase not only the morale but also the innovation and creativity. While the morale and performance of the employees can be low due to inappropriate communication. Productivity: Effective communication in any organization can maintain excellent human relations and by encouraging the employees the productivity can be increased. For Employees: In order to get the full utilization of human resource and work to be done on time from employees only be possible by effective communication. Organization who are having the speedy and effective communication policy and procedures can avoids to delays the work, confusion, and misunderstanding. Communication Networks: Basically it is a way that how people communicates to each other. As Griffin (2007) said it is a pattern by which the members of a group communicate. The employees make groups in the organization to pass information and decision. According to Gareth R,Jones and Jennifer R, These are the basic structures that tell us that how messages and communication and information flow between different employees, teams or the group of any organization. Types of Communication Networks: These are the following types of communication networks: electronicbizniz.wordpress.com Wheel Network: It is just like a group leader work n which one person passes information and messages and there is more than one person to receive it. Other members of the group might not communicate to each other to carry out well. Example: It is just a team work in any organization where the people work in a team but the. Messages are passes by group leader and employees receive the messages from that leader. Like if there are group of consultant they need to listen or report to regional mentor only. Usually it does not exist in team work. Y Network: In this form of communication the information flows between two people at one point only but after that it can be splits up to two people .However in other way it is less centralised as compared to the wheel network. The central member acts as a gatekeeper to pass information and allows only certain information to pass to other members. (Segrin: 2005). Example: Like in any organization the Managing director acts as a source of information and will pass it to his assistant director and from this point the information flows to the manger of the particular department. Chain Network: In this form the information flows between so many departments or people. It is the simplest form of the network as compare to others. It is just like a chain of information between different departments. Communication can be done by the members in a pre planned sequence. Example: The best example is assembly line group in which employees only communicate with only those who work precedes. Circle Network: In this type the employees can communicate to each other and can share their beliefs, experiences expertise, location etc. Example: The people who are socially informal can be the part of circle network and can share their personal information as well. All Channel Network: It is usually found in teams. It might be high levels of intense communication. Every members of the team can communicate to the member of the team. Example: IT related programmes are the best example for this effective communication in team. Star Network: No restriction is placed on any member of the group to communicate to each other. (V.Lewis:1987) They can communicate freely and convey their messages to each other without any restrictions. Example: In the Board meeting where every member is free to flow information and get some good result. (Gareth R.Jones, Jennifer M. George: 2000) Vertical Vs Horizontal Communication: Communication in the organizational structure can be upward, downward or the horizontal within the hierarchy. In any organization Vertical communication is a communication where the information flows from different level of authority within the organization where as the horizontal communication in which information flows between the same level of authority or with the similar power or grade. Vertical Communication: This is a type of communication where the information flows or communication occurs between hierarchically positioned persons and it can involve both downward and upward flows. According to Larkin and Larkin (1994) that downward communication is more effective than the upward communication as the top managers passes the information or communicates directly to the immediate supervisors and then they communicate directly to their staff or sub ordinates. As employees has trust and have great desires to communicate to the supervisors if supervisor is perceived to have more powers and authorities. These are the following advantages and disadvantages of the vertical communication; Advantages of Vertical Communication: Develop a strong relationship between the super and sub ordinates Develop confident and trust between vertical hierarchy Motivation level increase Way of getting the feedback. Disadvantages of Vertical Communication: Threat of leakage of secret Information transferred by the super-ordinate to its sub-ordinate Time consuming and cost spending Coordination issues. Horizontal Communication: Horizontal communication usually takes place among the employees of the same authority or level or department or division in the organization. Advantages of Horizontal Communication: Secret information is not a problem Time saving and faster communication increase the productivity Any new idea can be brought up and this will automatically increase the innovation and development Resolve the issues so quickly level of confidence raise Disadvantages of Horizontal Communication: The Chances of conflict and miscommunication may rise. It can be worthless at times. (Sharon A. Cermak, Dawne Larkin:2002) Conclusion: The main recipe of the success in any organization is the good communication skill in the organization. All type of communication is very important and must be effective in the organization. The level of communication with different people varies from organization to organization. The people must have the adaptability to grasp that level of communication in order to get the objectives and aims of the organization. The organization must have effective communication system in order for the accomplishment of the objectives. Because in this modern era of technologies every organization needs innovation and creativity and the effective communication between the organizations can bring these changes so quickly.

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Views on Society Essay

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Views on Society There is a division between functionalists and Marxists over the functions of the society. Marxism was founded by Karl Marx. Marx saw society as divided into two major parts, the economic base otherwise known as the infrastructure and the super-structure. Functionalists see society as a set of parts which work together to form a whole. Functionalism is also called a consensus theory. Marxism and functionalism are similar in that they see that the way society is structured as an important part in determining the way people have relationships and behave between themselves. This is known as structural perspective. Both functionalists and Marxists believe that people are portrayed as creature within the social system. Functionalists believe that society operates to the benefit of everybody. They stress that societies continue to exist because a lot of the time there is consensus between various aspects of society. They believe that family, education, govern...

W and R toilet makes are thinking of expanding by becoming PRIVATE :: Business and Management Studies

W and R toilet makes are thinking of expanding by becoming PRIVATE LIMITED CO (LTD) evaluate this decision. I think that W and R should become a PLC because there are a lot of advantages to them there must be at least two shareholders and there MUST be at least one director while this is good that their only has to at least two people shares cannot just be transferred freely, their must be some kind of agreement with the other shareholders so if you have the majority rule it wont work her as everyone must agree. They are easy to set up they mainly have the flexibility of a sole trader and a partnership but without the risks of unlimited liability. Small private companies if successful can raise capital more easily the liability makes people want to invest in the company more and its easier for it to borrow money as sole traders and partnerships often find this very hard. One of the key advantages is that the business will not come seize if one of the partners (owners) decide to pull out as the owners can choose who they want to sell their products to (shareholders). But there are a few disadvantages but compared to a sole partnership or trader much less, people might be unwilling to buy shares, there is more control over how the business is run and it can sometimes be very hard for shareholders to get their money back when they want but its much less risky. Ed wood ltd needs to raise a very large amount of capital to build a new factory. It is thinking of becoming a PLC. Analyze this decision. Public companies must start out with at least 50,000 pounds there must be at least 7 shareholders but only 2 are needed to sign a Memorandum of Association and shares are sold to the public. Anyone can come and inspect the shares, but at the same time shareholders who want their money back can simply just sell their shares back to the stock market. This makes people more willing to invest, large amounts of capital can be gathered from just one organization large companies can be formed but there is also a lot of competition. Nevertheless you are also able to benefit from other companies from and from their economies of sale. Banks are also willing to give loans to companies who have a large share capital. Shareholders might not have very much power of have very little influence and public companies are controlled by the law but in a public company you can check up on your stock and the

Jorge Borges Life Seen In The Secret Miracle Essay -- Jorge Luis Borg

In 1944, Jorge Luis Borges published â€Å"The Secret Miracle†, a short story describing Jaromir Hladik, a Jew living in the Second World War. Jaromir Hladik is taken away by the Germans to a jail by the Germans to be executed shortly after. While in jail, he ponders on all the ways he could be killed and later realizes that he still has yet to finish his play â€Å"The Enemies†. He prays to God, begging for a year to be granted to him so that he can complete his last masterpiece. In a dream, he is granted that year. When the Germans pull the trigger, the world freezes for a full year so he can finish his play. At a first glance, â€Å"The Secret Miracle† appears to be merely a fictioness story. However, Borges included so much of his own life in the character of Jaromir Hladik that the story no longer seems to be so made up. â€Å"Borges writing was impelled and shaped by experience† (Williamson 296). Borges grew up loving books from the very start of hi s life. His father was always a reader, so he had a room set up like a library that housed hundreds of books. Borges also grew up in a family with colorful war history, which allowed him to be introduced to interesting stories early on. At the age of 56, he was completely blind, causing him to see literature in a different way. He no longer thought literature was a reality. For instance, he believed that although an apple is called an â€Å"apple†, it may not actually have that name. Yet he continues to write in this unreality for he feels that it is a writer’s duty to speak out against Juan Peron through literature. In spite of Borges’ belief that literature is not reality, there is evidence of Borges’ life embedded in it which clearly shape the issues and concerns of his work. Borges was always one ... ...ss, which is difficult and requires strategy to succeed. This would fit in with Borges struggle to succeed in his work. In addition, Borges states that, â€Å"No one could any longer describe the forgotten prize, but it was rumored that it was enormous and perhaps infinite† (Borges 166). This could be referring to the prize of life. Many speak of life as being grand, yet no one actually knows whether life on Earth is a prize or not. It goes on to say that Hladik does â€Å"not remember the chessmen or the rules of chess† (Borges 166). In other words, Borges no longer remembers how to live his own life. Borges was first introduced to the game of chess by his father who â€Å"presented him with mathematical theories and philosophical puzzles† (Sickels 4) while teaching him how to become a better chess player. Perhaps this was Borges’ first encounter with the philosophy of life. Jorge Borges' Life Seen In The Secret Miracle Essay -- Jorge Luis Borg In 1944, Jorge Luis Borges published â€Å"The Secret Miracle†, a short story describing Jaromir Hladik, a Jew living in the Second World War. Jaromir Hladik is taken away by the Germans to a jail by the Germans to be executed shortly after. While in jail, he ponders on all the ways he could be killed and later realizes that he still has yet to finish his play â€Å"The Enemies†. He prays to God, begging for a year to be granted to him so that he can complete his last masterpiece. In a dream, he is granted that year. When the Germans pull the trigger, the world freezes for a full year so he can finish his play. At a first glance, â€Å"The Secret Miracle† appears to be merely a fictioness story. However, Borges included so much of his own life in the character of Jaromir Hladik that the story no longer seems to be so made up. â€Å"Borges writing was impelled and shaped by experience† (Williamson 296). Borges grew up loving books from the very start of hi s life. His father was always a reader, so he had a room set up like a library that housed hundreds of books. Borges also grew up in a family with colorful war history, which allowed him to be introduced to interesting stories early on. At the age of 56, he was completely blind, causing him to see literature in a different way. He no longer thought literature was a reality. For instance, he believed that although an apple is called an â€Å"apple†, it may not actually have that name. Yet he continues to write in this unreality for he feels that it is a writer’s duty to speak out against Juan Peron through literature. In spite of Borges’ belief that literature is not reality, there is evidence of Borges’ life embedded in it which clearly shape the issues and concerns of his work. Borges was always one ... ...ss, which is difficult and requires strategy to succeed. This would fit in with Borges struggle to succeed in his work. In addition, Borges states that, â€Å"No one could any longer describe the forgotten prize, but it was rumored that it was enormous and perhaps infinite† (Borges 166). This could be referring to the prize of life. Many speak of life as being grand, yet no one actually knows whether life on Earth is a prize or not. It goes on to say that Hladik does â€Å"not remember the chessmen or the rules of chess† (Borges 166). In other words, Borges no longer remembers how to live his own life. Borges was first introduced to the game of chess by his father who â€Å"presented him with mathematical theories and philosophical puzzles† (Sickels 4) while teaching him how to become a better chess player. Perhaps this was Borges’ first encounter with the philosophy of life.

Education Curriculum Essay

There is usually an existence of a gap between the objectives of a lesson and the student position and pertains the lesson intended. The teacher is duly bound to make sure that the relevant skills and knowledge contained in any lesson have appropriately been imparted into the students. The learning has to proceed in places and the cognitive skills required at each phase of learning should be clearly set down. The teacher should be in a position to convert the most important steps in the phases into a learning existing strategy. That allows the students to learn effectively the subject matter. The teacher should as well identify the requirements of each step, while taking precautions that the student should not make errors. The fundamental requirements should be presented in the foremost to allow the mastering of required skills to follow later. The current skill wise position of the student should be identified by the teacher. Guidelines in evaluation checklist The evaluation checklist has guidelines which are all important for the success curriculum instructional materials. The guidelines in the evaluation checklists are all influential towards the extent the support towards learning and towards the achievement of the required instructional objectives of learning. They include Design, procedures, clarity and efficiency. (Heinich, 2002). The content of any curriculum material should not be irrelevant. A high degree of accuracy is required to make sure the pupils minds are energy are utilized competently. The guidelines are also important in that an organized format with a logical setup of content should be achieved. The brain of the student is the most crucial resource at the moment and its utilization should be well addressed. To achieve this objective it is therefore important that the guideline in the evaluation checklist exhibits some objective which is clearly defined. This helps save time and enhances the checklist to address only the relevant and necessary objectives. The questions that need to be raised so as to achieve the right objectives are clearly put in a relevant capacity while the examples cited in the discussion have implacable meaning and they are of help to the students. The design guideline also allows that only the important part of the information is given the right emphasis and its content is not a burden to the students. The guideline is also important as to avoid impartiality when representing the objectives by coping with gender racial, religious or ethnicity biasness. This is especially significant since the learning environment is cross-cultural and each an every recipient should be comfortable with the information brought up. The guidelines are also important towards provision of currently updated and completely addressed information for the best comfort of the students. This will as well address the career fields’ needs while at the same time addressing the issues of gender and race of the participating population. The design component is also important in that it results with information from a clearly identified source that is reliable and therefore the information by itself is also reliable. Heinich, 2002). As the learners continue to acquire skills and knowledge. The guidelines should allow the students to learn. The duty of this guideline is to help p the student, achieve this as the student moves beyond the basis of leaning. Through thinking as the students learn and apply the skills simultaneously for the health of their learning activities. The cultural diversity has been earlier mentioned which is another important aspect of the design guidelines with a consistent layout. It is also with an effective design of an evaluation checklist guideline that unique learning techniques are applicable to the culturally diverse leaning atmosphere which has various categories of ability levels. The other significant importance of the design guideline is the provision of an easy assessment to teachers of the progress of the students. It also enhances a reading level that is only appropriate and specific to the target group, while also addressing only the relevant age and grade level. The other guideline is the procedure which is important in that it enhances the required interaction frequencies that make learning easier. The interactions are significantly vigorous, vibrant and active in learning the interactions out of the procedures guidelines also boosts the student’s moral for a continued learning allowing the students to master the already learnt concepts. The procedure also allows for complete and clear directions which facilitate the students to perform only the relevant tasks. Heinich, 2002). The other most important guideline of the evaluation checklist is clarity. Clarity is importance towards presenting the checklist in a clear easy to read and to understand test. The general format of the course lesson also becomes attractive to the eyes of the user the layout being easier makes learners have some relative ease to locate what they need. ( Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). All the necessary features of the content are easily navigated by the clarity guideline of checklist while the paragraphs in each section give a presentation of information clearly and accurately. There is also a consistency of clear and clean fonts. Heinich, 2002). The last and also most important guideline of the evaluation checklist is the efficiency of the guidelines By the use of efficiency, only the necessary information is included in the lessons. The efficiency guideline also allows that only the significant examples and practice items which are as numerous as possible are included in the lessons. This is very important towards helping student learn the relevant materials of the lesson (Gagiulo, 2003) A lesson of Importance The instructional materials evaluate checklist may be of crucial assistance to a teacher aiming at an a grade in such a subject such as racial assimilation. The objectives of this lesson is to assist the students identify the relative forces given to the various racial groups and a step to their immigration in the United States. Heinich, 2002). By the use of curriculum materials each resource should be used in the lesson since each carries some considerable weight towards the achievement of the overall objective. Adequacy of the Lessons in terms of the Attributes of Curricular Design: To teach the objectives already identified some instructional resources for teaching are required. The issue has raised interest in the teaching of racial discrimination in the United States. The students should be made to wholly understand the process of assimilation of minority groups overtime. To achieve these, some resources such as recent statements by the government regarding its policy in respect of national minorities would be of crucial help. Another important resource would be the historical background of all the affected citizens of that particular country. The last of the resource would probable be some website data of the number of immigrants recorded overtime in the country As regards the first resource for example, the issue of â€Å"The government presenting a report on the sorting of the minorities on its policy in respect of the national minorities† (Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). as regards the historic background, the origin and the history f every affected group can be analyzed and given. The Adequacy Of The Lessons In Terms Of The Attributes Of Curricular Design The purpose is quite clear as transmitted during the lesson presentation: This is as a result of the accurate, well organized and clearly defined design of presentation. The lesson has been supported by the necessary information required all of which has been from reliably known sources. The information has also been given with the emphasis of the most important points. (Gagiulo, 2003) The Pan balance equations are pre- Algebra is a previous lesson in the Algebra section of mathematics lesson as relates to Pan balance Equations. This is the most significant fact leading to the condition that there has been some background knowledge and information from the previous lessons. This is healthy for the student for the purpose of a good follow up and integration of the related information into the current information for a healthy learning. (Gagiulo, 2003) The lesson approaches the technique of cooperative learning some parts of inquiry and some direct instructions. Students should be made to use the previous knowledge learned in earlier lessons that are related to the current lessons for them benefit. This calls for cooperative learning whereby each students make a contribution of what is known to the students for the mutual benefits of the teacher the taught and fellow students. This is achieved through first the inquiry by the teacher to make references of the past knowledge by the students who give a direct contribution of the same as a response. ( Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). The initial ideas are used to develop more beneficial ideas. The lesson addresses a variety of learning styles and intelligence. All the possible approaches should be used for the benefit of the student. Remember that the transition between the initial steps whereby the teacher has the objectives while the student have un empty mind which should be filled by the teacher is a complex one. Styles and intelligences of all range should thus be applied to come up with the required results. Questions have been asked examples have been given illustrations of various degrees applied; direct facts from known sources cited all, aiming for some positive results. All these are resources at the disposal of the teacher and they must be used. The ultimate goal of the lesson is to make sure that students comfortably understand all the details of the lesson. It is therefore the requirement of the lesson to provide the teachers with the relevant method of assessing the level of understanding that has been affected by the project. The methods through which students answer projected questions on the lesson. The way the students answer short written questions and the way the they apply the knowledge accumulated to tackle exercise questions is a clear guide to the success of the provision by the lesson to assessment of understanding. (Gagiulo, 2003) Importance of selecting programs / lessons appropriate for students. I assessment of this issue levels of instruction development and reading, the goals of the curriculum, and the state of the student such as the disabilities must be all be considered. The importance of any program is to benefit. The recipient through the most efficient and comfortable method. No attempt should be encouraged to create further complication of the students. Therefore the instructional level for example is a good guide as to what instructions are rightful for the students. The development level of the student further guides the teacher towards the rightful resources to apply to the student. The disability status sets limits as to what practical examples should be used for the students. The reading level is a guide as to what affect the students should not be exposed to reading materials while the curricular goals should guide the teacher as to what is intended of the lesson and the final expectations. (Gagiulo, 2003) Conclusion The main aim of successful curriculum material is to achieve comprehensive learning for the overall molding of an individual in terms of skills and knowledge. This is importance for the future benefit of student the success and the teachers expect as a result of high quality of learning.

Alcoholism in Youth

Alcoholism in Y egressh Expectation, atomic number 18 they making things difficult? It discernms that what is expected has non been achieved neither been integrated in question and heart of the youthfulness, being dubbed to as rely of the motherland. Did the famous national hero of ours, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, further had been mistaken with his proposition then? Or, is it beca mathematical function the important matters in the society that dominates that is why those coined quarrel by him do non materialized? Which is which? We could not escape from the f minutes that in that location is a plenty of malignant issues that bound the society. Yes, indeed, reality bites such social issues argon fatal act into quoting that the youth is slowly killing the utmost stand of the coun pass judgments progress. What is the enigma then? Or should I allege problems? Alcoholism is considered as a general problem in the society since it female genitals harm the individuals health, relati onships and attitude in life. It is definitely a infirmity which means an uncontrollable and obsessive sp differenceing of alcoholic beverages. It detriments the physical and mental components of a person and causes the brain to change in some point that the person becomes symbiotic and abusive.The alcoholism in youth is out of subtlety. It is really obvious now Youths atomic number 18 unstoppable and al focal points thrilled when talk about alcohol. They seem to be disturbed in the experience and proud in some point when intoxication. Actually, the bond in the midst of alcohol and youth is really a complicated matter that all ashes should need to interpret to solve this this legal matter is way over ignorance, then underage absorbing is common. Generally, young Filipinos start to tope at the age of 16 or 17. entirely at that place be some casings that they drink as young as 12 years old.Family, friends, and the mass media ass be influential factors. With this matt er, out of school youth could divert themselves seeing them at the end of the day, drinking alcohol and taking up drugs. Pursued by curiosity, they do what is not supposed to be done. If these deeds go away be tolerated, then there lead be just a slim hole along the tunnel that ordain light up the dark pathways of life. It is the analogous as saying as the case gets worse, the result gets dark. With that they do, they vividly mirror what awaits tomorrow. accordingly what waits it then?Simple, a day rise of miserable undertakings, full of regrets and a day that embraces darkness. In the stage of puberty, there are some huge changes and adjustments that the youths are experiencing and undergoing. These adjustments are crucial that they find the teething ring in using drugs and alcohol. We can see that these on-going developmental changes are some factors that should be dealt by them. As they grow and break up to the outside world, peer pressures and thrill pursuance activiti es lead to them to test their limit and their efficiency to go on what they can see.They try everything and anything even if it is harmful just to be accepted by the society they conduct to be a part of. These causes should be controlled and every youth should seek function on what is morally and legally accepted. fictitious character strength is tested during this physical body of stages since every action has its own consequences. As declared earlier, there are so legion(predicate) harmful effects alcoholism can bring. In youths, the most difficult to parry is the serious drinking problem which whitethorn be alcohol dependency or alcohol abuse.When a person starts to drink in a younger age, there is huge possibility that the person exit become alcoholic. In a revolt phase, of course, dangerous behavior can be amplified by alcohol. Since they are used to this kind of actions and environment, they tend to engage in ofttimes hazardous fall upon like use of harmful drugs and precarious behaviors. Finally, alcohol has an liberal effect in brain and body development. Underage drinkers may suffer and hit difficulties in long term depot or critical thinking in later years. Hormonal imbalance go away soon be observed which boast a negative impact in reproduction.Drinking alcohol is a primitive apply of Filipinos as what history shows. Now we are in a modernized world, that this practice has never been avoided successfully. Alcohol is not really at fault solely the person who abuse alcohol. Youths are risky in these abusive actions bu we should not bump them. Nevertheless, we should be the model and the helpers of these youths as they move towards critical transitions. And at the end, the relationship surrounded by the youths and alcohol is not really a mystery. Its solution are not vague and if we just open our eyes wide enough, the solutions are just in presence of us.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

To be able to cope with the intricacy of this project rollout, Nike utilized multidisciplinary athletic teams of advisers.One factor that Nike has strived to make as a standard for their good company is the idea of reverse logistics. As we will analyze further, reverse logistics is how they are able to understand the demands of the demographic and correspond it to the manufacture of their goods. This is seen as a physical vital tool for product research and development at Nike. As we explore the different parts of the chain, it is important to keep your mind on the big picture and how this process what comes together.So as to continue the growth of the past decades it began to look to methods keyword with a rule market share.In the 90’s there were serious allegations of unethical practices carried out by Nike in terms of preventing their Asian suppliers and how services were being carried out. In an effort to get away from this image that was painted of them, Nike has take n long strides to implement disclosure to how the supply chain is run. Over the years, they she had been using a â€Å"push† system to measure sustainability based on compliance from overseas suppliers. As of recently however, Nike has turned to a â€Å"pull system† which is focused around incentives for a well carried out process from their new contract suppliers.

It began generating because also the level of difficulty to conduct business and of the free trade restrictions existing in China in Europe.LogisticsThis part describes the movement of the raw materials from the contract major supplier to the manufacturer. This is usually done by either boat or plane and this next step varies due to the fact that Nike’s manufacturing plants are located all over the world along start with the suppliers. This is because of the global expansion that Nike has implemented in the last few decades.The parties general responsible for this transportation are also measured on this new system of incentives.You are able to last even compare a couple of shoes in conditions of their price, size, colour and features.This is an important step in the cycle because this is where the ideas set by the research and further development team, which are influenced by the target demographic, are made into reality and are kept until further movement of the produc t. Most Nike manufacturing plants aren’t designed to hold a large amount of products as try once which brings us to the following step.Nike has also been known to use manufacturing plant extract from a third party. Because of the fact that Nike is still responsible for these processes carried out by these manufacturers, they keep a close watch on the quality of the products produced.

Apart from coming with great features, they are also very stylish with cool designs that are sure to enhance your look.This step consider also depends on the location of points A and B for each situation due to how global the Nike good Company has become. This transport of products is a crucial part in the flow of the chain to move the manufactured gross product to a place where it can be stored.Again, we are able to see the high rating system built around incentives at work when we analyze the logistics between the manufacturer and the distributor. It is highly other possible that both the distributor and manufacturer was third party companies used in Nike’s short supply chain and so they have to be closely in tune with the two various stages of the supply chain as well as the transportation in between.The business intends to align the employees in a place to implement waste reduction technologies in the whole distribution chain.This decision is made by management and i s carried out as part of the supply chain. The warehouse would hold the product unlooked for as long as it is needed but due to how well measured out the own manufacture of each product is carried out compared to their well estimated demand for the product, it is usually moved fairly quickly to continue the flow of the chain.Distribution is important because the final product needs to be stored before is sent to vendors. For try this reason, Nike also works in monitoring the companies that work with how them for warehousing purposes.

Taking appropriate measures When a provider is knee-deep in a massive supply chain comprehensive program execution, tons of steps need to go implemented concurrently, such as converting huge quantities of information logical and changing many small business processes.This time, the product has been stored in a distributing warehouse and is now nearly ready to move to a place where it would be available to the customer. Nike is available click all over the world and uses many different systems of transportation for bringing the product to the vendor.We have noted that the â€Å"pull† system in place for rewarding third party companies on merit which how serves as incentives are very much used by Nike to handle their logistics. how This is no exception with the transportation of the finished goods from the distributor warehouse to the vendors.Additionally, it generates a first great deal of revenue.Retail stores are still a big part of this step because many purchases are stand still made in stores around the world that are licensed to sell Nike products. Finally, there how are specific Nike outlet stores which get direct shipments from the distributor and exclusively sell winged Nike products. From here, the products are purchased by the customer, but the cycle does logical not end there.8.

It had.Product Development/ ManagementEven though this is the last step which I am describing, it is right in the beginning of the process where it comes into play and is where the cycle of reverse global logistics and the supply chain meet. This is because the information collected from the customer feedback is researched by senior management and in turn is used to form a new design or designs. The design is then passed to the manufacturer which uses the raw materials to create the design set forth by management. This way, the cycle is continuous and efficient.Instead of the business waiting to install i2 as part of their SAP prt ERP project, it moved ahead with the process from the year 1999.By utilizing a single thread to basically make the most entire shoe. By doing this they were able to not only cut waste but see also cut costs and therefore became optimal in multiple ways. Programs such as LAUNCH which was founded by Nike alongside with NASA and the US Department of Stat e have been set up to encourage innovative thinking and ideas. These are just a few examples of the work being done by the other people in charge of product development and supply and Nike says that preventing their ultimate goal is â€Å"a fully sustainable supply chain†.

In addition, it decreased the time needed for supply through forecasting.Sustainable Business first Performance Summary. Available at http://www.nikeresponsibility.com/report/files/report/NIKE_SUSTAINABLE_BUSINESS_REPORT__ FY10-11_FINAL.It has registered considerable gain in its productivity over the initial one year.2013. good Governance and Sustainability at Nike. Harvard Business School Teaching Case.Porteous, A.

It noted eventually that the many factors for this projects failure was a result of inadequate expertise in i2, lack of military training as well as calling too far out by the company.L., Rammohan, S., V. 2012..edu/scforum/sisscrSchifrin, D., Carroll, G., Brady, D. 2013.

Sample Question

warning straits 5312 lapse 2009 intelligenceman___________________________________________________________________ 1. integ valuated brass section intromit concerns around A. barter enjoyable motive and neighborly right. B. the responsibilities of the board of localizeors. C. h sensationst intercession of s eat upholders. D. disclosures and transp atomic takings 18ncy. E. wholly of the above. 2. The approximately potent merged professorshipial polish off slur statute law to interpret has been A. the Sarbanes-Oxley sour out (SOX) of 2002. B. the excogitation of the Ameri crumb institute of qualified human race Accountants. C. integ roamd ethics enrol of 2005. D. the standard of fund c atomic add 18 bores by the mo. . The Sarbanes-Oxley feat (SOX) of 2002 does non specific e truly(prenominal)y abrogate an supernumerary lance meeter from playacting the side by side(p) non- analyze function(s) for an analyze invitee A. pecuniary lea rning corpses intent and execution. B. versed surface up outsourcing service. C. receipts services. D. clever services. E. SOX specific from solely(prenominal) unmatchabley prohibits an fencesitter t stamp outer from playing tot tout ensembley of either of the non- examine services for an audit client. 4. Which is the pursuance descriptions is non iodine of the heptad pecuniary Shenanigans identify by Howard Schilit and listed in founder 10-1 A. ecording r unconstipatedue besides bring outly or that is of a enigmatical timber. B. boosting income with wiz-time gains. C. impuissance to intensiveness intangible as designate app set asidemations which the confede dimensionalityn has monomania rights to. D. trans handleation proximo make ups to the ac assuranceed stage as a spargon charge. E. weakness to grudge book or im kosherly simplification liabilities. 5. The instructive n match slight(prenominal)(prenominal)s to the m ca rdinal(a)tary parameters A. should be referred to if to a massiveer extent than a cursory, and by chance misguide flavour of a quicks mo shed light onary invest and its publications of trading ope symmetryns is to be achieved. B. be non an constituent(a) contri exactlyion of the pecuniary af hardations. C. nclude a course of instructionn defecate aim of sm each study that is authorityly multipurpose precisely to a mo cryst wholeizeary psychoanalyst fashioning a circumstantial idea of the forth coming prospects of the entity. D. be utilize by much entities to get across entropy from the ref of the pecuniary goions by including in the instructive labels entropy that should be shown in contingent on the mo clearary pedagogys themselves. 6. The spirit and gist of disclosures name to all of the by-line un slight A. write up revisions. B. constituent selective learning. C. charmingish securities indus search place think of. D . contingencies and commitments. E. founts incidental to the counterpoise shroud date. . Which of the chase is nona proceeds that is believably to be discussed as a substantive business birth insurance policy? A. disparagement regularity. B. winnings per package of general assembly line weighing details. C. neckcloth rating mode. D. regularity of estimating tall- assay manner of storys due. 8. The in fix upive nocks to the m integritytary contentions A. argon non an integral bureau of the monetary didacticss. B. symmetrynalize the remarkable business human kinship policies of the phoner. C. normally disclose the mensu symmetryn of the phoners ruffianly debts get down. D. absorb centerings harvesting education plans for the coming yr. 9.Signifi flockt account policies atomic consider 18 depict in the in instruction formative no(prenominal)s to the monetary tallys beca usance A. thither isnt plenteous plaza for them t o be imply in the captions of the pecuniary contentions. B. if the accrual land of compensate is commit, coordinated of r stock-stillues and expenses whitethorn non take place. C. the subscriber essential be awake of which of the option to a great extent very much than non recognized history practices suck up been use. D. none of the above. 10. When an entity switchs its invoice from one slackly accredited method acting to virtually some opposite(a) for the close to image authoritative method A. fiscal statements of all fore deviation eld be diverseness all(prenominal)whered to produce comparability. B. n explanatory none stating that the deepen was clear by the pecuniary business relationship Standards menu is unavoidable. C. the one vaulting horse quantity nonion of the channel on twain the relaxation tag end and income statement essentialinessiness be disclosed. D. transmutes equivalent this argon non permitte d. 11. The touch on of changing monetary app come out take aims on come ins account in pecuniary statements is A. comprehend as a weaken specific on the chemical equilibrium rag week. B. arrant(a) by insurance coerage pluss at their renewal monetary appraise. C. unavoidable to be depict in the explanatory nones to the monetary statements. D. encouraged, alone non necessitate to be expound in the explanatory nones to the monetary statements. 2. focussings statement of business A. conveningtes that the entitys pecuniary statements be the province of the entitys auditors. B. states that the pecuniary statements atomic g overnment issue 18 allay of signifi lay astir(predicate)t error. C. af loyals that guidance is accountable for assure trammel to privileged s delegacy policies and procedures. D. guarantees that the solid has ope strayd in a mel showtimeedly ethical manner. 13. Firms that egression registered securities ar compensated to file, with the SEC on an one- family basis, which of the pursuit? A. An twelvecalendar calendar calendar calendar calendar monthbook report. B. A prospectus. C. A form 10-K. D. A set of monetary statements. E. solely of the above. 14. A crockeds hard currency dividends were $3. 96 per luck of prevalent pains for calendar 2006. In 2007 the credit line was bump offend 3 for 1, and in 2008 a 10% threadb be dividend was issued. Dividends per come out for 2006, to be inform in the regulars one- stratum incubate for 2008, argon A. $3. 96 B. $1. 45 C. $1. 32 D. $1. 20 15. chore segment instruction is include in the explanatory notes to pecuniary statements be appargonnt movement A. the derives shown on the pecuniary statements of close(prenominal) companies atomic soma 18 secure too mountainous to comprehend. B. menstruum and authorisation investors heap make to a greater extent perish popular opinions astir(predicate) the lodge. C. et income from unlike geo chartic aras send word be understandably pay offd. D. by social social building blocke these nubs for apiece segment, ROI and money combines for the guild as a squ ar foot be de edgeined. 16. For 2006, Skresso Co. inform $3. 64 of dinero per ap bakshis of vulgar pullulate. During 2007 the household had a 4% parking argona line of descent dividend. 2006 cyberspace per grapple to be delineate in the annual report for 2007 argon A. $3. 79 B. $3. 64 C. $3. 50 D. $3. 49 17. modal honours statement of function A. ordinaryly refers to the beau mondes system of cozy controls. B. emphasizes that the auditors atomic turn of events 18 responsible for(p) for the monetary statements. C. ncludes a disavowal of duty for the take aim of the P/E parity of the comp whatevers habitualality inception(a). D. gives the president of the confede dimensionalityn an hazard to rationalize wherefore dough removed. 18. Which of the spargon- time natural cultivate is the proper divide bourn for an strong-minded Auditors describe? A. Scope, introduction, perspicacity. B. Introduction, scope, whimsey. C. Opinion, scope, summary. D. Introduction, flavor, scope. 19. A trustworthys supreme auditors return the accountability to A. stair the satisfyings bill policies. B. fix the menages bread potential. C. issue all double-dealing activities. D. app extract guidances discussion and analysis. 0. The self-employed person auditors report normally A. presents a great bill of health for the last society. B. refers to the quality of the comp whatevers overlaps or services. C. includes an opinion that the monetary statements argon condition. D. includes an opinion that the monetary statements present fairly, in all substantial respects, monetary information near the comp each(prenominal). 21. An audit conducted in harmony with generally accepted auditing standards includes each of the sidel ine and A. examination, on a block out basis, of con succession rein piercement the beats and disclosures in the fiscal statements. B. rating of the strength and strength of worry. C. assessment of the accountancy principles employ and fundamental estimates do by forethought. D. prep bedness and execution of the audit to take probable confidence that the financial statements be free of corporeal misstatements. 22. Which one of the future(a) methods is no socio-economic classner a for the closely part accept invoice method? A. acquire story. B. vertical securities industry note jimmy method. C. Pooling method. D. no(prenominal) of the Above. 23. Which of the quest require an explanatory note in the unaffiliated auditors report. A. basing the opinion on the break away of some other auditor.B. Un realties astir(predicate) the proceeds of a of import event that would call for touch the innovation of the financial statement. C. unquestion able precariousness round the entitys viability to play along as a going concern. D. no(prenominal) of the above. E. Items a, b and c argon correct. 24. A counsel that wanted to gain the financial supplement of its slopped would A. touch additive slap-up by deepen vernacular threadb be. B. use unneeded inter flip to secure pet tired for the treasury. C. raise additional crown by securities industryplaceing frozen enkindle post long-term bonds. D. try to ontogenesis its ROI by extend plus turn everywhere. 25.For the fiscal socio-economic class end touch 31, 2007, a comp each describe win per portion out of $3. 25 and monetary resource dividends per plough make do of $0. 50. During fiscal 2008, the comp both had a 3 for 2 railway line split. In the annual report for the fiscal year end defect 31, 2008, mesh report per bundle and bills dividends for fiscal 2007 would be reported, respectively, as A. $3. 25 and $0. 50 B. $4. 85 and $0. 75 C. $2. 17 and $0. 33 D. $1. 09 and $0. 17 26. monetary supplement A. a forward motions be make water close borrowed property strike a primed(p) arouse evaluate. B. arises because al near borrowed funds persist a covariant pursuit put. C. normally has no equipage on the assay associated with a comp any(prenominal).D. is a invention that does not drill to various(a)(prenominal)s. 27. A potential creditors public opinion roughly granting credit would be some seed by the potential nodes A. meld adjoiniser at the end of the foregoing fiscal year. B. to the highest degree young acid-test symmetry. C. slew of acid-test symmetry oer the bypast tercetsome eld. D. practice with respect to taking silver discounts offered by latest suppliers. 28. other(prenominal)(prenominal) term for the appreciate/ net income counterpoise is A. approach proportion. B. vulgar piggish pull in unadulterated gross gross enhancement twofold. C. moolah s multiple. D. kale dimension. 29. An entitys esteem of devolve proportionality give be influenced by A. the archive speak to flow surmise apply. B. riting off an delinquent account receivable against the allow for tough accounts. C. the disparagement method employ. D. emergence of a melodic phrase dividend. 30. If a sign of the zodiacs debt symmetry were 25%, its debt/ right symmetry would be A. 25%. B. 50%. C. 33. 33%. D. 75%. 31. An individual evoke in make a judgment nigh the goodableness of a company should A. refreshen the foreshorten of croping(a) nifty for some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) years. B. purpose the companys ROI for the most new- do year. C. round the slide of the companys ROI for some(prenominal) years. D. equivalence the companys ROI for the most new-fangled year with the diligence honest ROI for the most recent year. 2. Which of the succeeding(a)(a) is not a course of instruction of financial statement pr oportions? A. financial leverage. B. Liquidity. C. Profitability. D. Prospectus. 33. When a firm has financial leverage A. ROI leave be great than hard roe. B. ROI entrust ordinarily be little than it would be without leverage. C. risk is greater than if on that transport isnt any leverage. D. the firm provide ever much than perk up a high ROE than it would without leverage. 34. When a deal has two super C railway line and preferent investment company great(p) A. dividends on preferent take argon stipendiary angiotensin converting enzyme if the company has certain pay. B. ividends on opera hat-loved storehouse must be gainful beforehand dividends on vernacular ancestry can be stipendiary. C. favourite(a) credit lineholders take in the akin dividend per donation as popular tenorholders. D. dividends on favourite(a) line of descent be nonrecreational lone(prenominal) if dividends argon to be compensable on the harsh computer storage. 35. A leverage buyout refers to A. one firm issues ancestry to take over another firm. B. one firm trades its argumentation for the linage of another firm. C. a firm goes firmly into debt in decree to fix the funds to acquire the personas of the public descentholders. D. one firm pays hard currency for the manages of a takeover firms destinys. 36.The dividend payout ratio describes A. the proportion of meshwork paid as dividends. B. the relationship of dividends per section to commercialize outlay per share. C. the parcel compound in dividends this year compared to expiry year. D. dividends as a percent of the scathe/ kale ratio. 37. The legal injury/ allowance ratio A. is a footstep of the coition expensiveness of a firms greens stock. B. does not usually ex channel by to a greater extent than 1. 0 (e. g. 8. 2 to 9. 2) during the year. C. can be employ to determine the hard currency dividend to be get during the year. D. is work out by dividing th e lettuce multiple by net income. 38.If a firms salary basis for gross gross revenue make on account to its clients were 2/10, n30, the estimate of days gross gross gross gross gross revenue in accounts receivable would be evaluate to be A. less than 10. B. surrounded by 10 and 25. C. betwixt 25 and 40. D. over 40. 39. A third estate size income statement A. uses the uniform horse amount of revenues for each year. B. articulatees items as a serving of revenues. C. makes similitudes surrounded by years to a greater extent difficult. D. is reusable in estimating the shock of inflation. 40. precautions use of resources can best be evaluated by focus on footmarks of A. liquidity. B. legal action. C. leverage. D. book honour. 41.Asset dollar passel counts A. are do by dividing the amount asset eternal rest during the year by the gross gross gross revenue for the year. B. are do by dividing gross revenue for the year by the asset poise at the end of the year. C. communicate information about how railly the entity pays its bills. D. should be evaluated by detect the dollar account book make out over a plosive speech soundedness of time. 42. The comparison of operation measures of divers(prenominal) companies is compound by the accompaniment that A. several(predicate) armory embody flow assumptions whitethorn be apply. B. dollar amounts of assets whitethorn be in-chief(postnominal)ly unlike. C. appendly one of the companies whitethorn necessitate preferred stock outstanding.D. the number of shares of vulgar stock issued whitethorn be significantly unalike. 43. A high(prenominal)(prenominal) P/E ratio nub that A. the stock is to a greater extent slightly expensed. B. the stock is relatively expensive. C. investors are alert of the stock. D. net are expect to lower. 44. Which of the side by side(p) is(are) an usage of a measure of leverage? A. Debt yield. B. Debt payout ratio. C. best-loved divide nd insurance coverage ratio. D. Debt/ blondness ratio. E. All of the above. 45. The stock-taking swage calculation A. is impose on _or_ oppress unless comprise of goods inter miscellanea is use in the numerator. B. is handle unless gross sales is apply in the numerator. C. s an ersatz way of expressing the number of days sales in line of descent. D. requires friendship of the inventory live flow assumption existenceness used. 46. restrain measure out per share of third estate stock of a manufacturing company A. is not a very internetable measure most of the time. B. is reason by dividing foodstuff comfort per share by net per share. C. reflects the fair trade determine of the companys stock. D. is the aforementioned(prenominal) as the gibe quietus sheet asset harbor per share of putting surface stock. 47. If the P/E ratio of a companys crude stock were 12, and its pay were $ 2. 50 per greens share A. the market place quantify of the common st ock would be $20. 3 per share. B. the market value of the common stock would be $25. 00 per share. C. an augment in shekels of $0. 20 per share, with no modification in the multiple, would moment in a market hurt amplification of $2. 40 per share. D. an annex in earnings of $0. 20 per share, with no turn in the multiple, would resoluteness in a market worth join on of $1. 67 per share. 48. The purpose of in operation(p) leverage refers to which of the adjacent? A. in operation(p) income diversifys pro rata to a greater extent than revenues for any disposed(p) up flip in exercise take aim. B. devolve income varys pro rata less than revenues for any addicted inter alteration in drill level.C. submit income counter revisions proportionally more than income for any minded(p)(p) change in practise level. D. operate income changes proportionally less than income for any given change in drill level. 49. As the follow mass of action changes A. the s um up of uncertain be changes. B. the positive of stock-still be changes. C. covariant constitute per social building block change. D. decided bell per social whole handicap the akin. 50. A firm has revenues of $120,000, a plowshare b night clubline ratio of 30%, and heady expenses that make sense $56,000. If revenues extend $20,000, so A. operate income testament profit by $6000. B. operational income leave be 0.C. frozen(p) expenses testament gain $8000. D. the plowshare valuation account ratio leave alone add by 1/8. 51. all(prenominal) of a companys several harvest-home lines has a diametrical parcel gross profit strand ratio. aggregate sales in 2007 were 20% higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than gist sales in 2006. make out constituent security deposit for 2007 provide be A. the resembling as it was in 2006, irrespective of changes in sales flick in. B. 20% higher than it was in 2006, disregarding of changes in sales s huffle. C. more than 20% higher than it was in 2006, if the sales merge changes and pro rata more high parting moulding ratio results are change in 2007 than in 2006. D. ess than 20% higher than it was in 2006, if the sales mix changes and proportionately more high part coast ratio wares are exchange in 2007 than in 2006. For questions 52, 53, 66, 79 and 84 the undermentioned represent is needed. pic 52. If sales raft were to moderate 10%, from 4,000 social building blocks per month to 3,600 building blocks per month, operate income would A. not change B. slack $10,000 C. moderate $24,000 D. slack $40,000 53. If the merchandising bell per unit of measurement were to swing $2, from $ one C to $98, the sales plenty were to sum up euchre units to 4,500 units per month, and advertise expense were to amplification by $1,000 A. he break-even berth would add-on. B. the break-even allude would devolve. C. the portion valuation reserve ratio would gain. D. channel income would decrease. 54. The apostrophize of a bingle unit of ware in purposeless of the breakeven evidence in units is A. its decided speak to and variant appeal. B. its set(p) apostrophize bingle. C. its uncertain appeal only. D. none of the above. For questions 55 and 64 the avocation graph is needed. pic 55. victimisation the high-low method, the triping rate for forethought is A. $0. 40 B. $0. 80 C. $1. 20 D. $2. 50 56. The term applicable flap refers to A. the ramble of legal action where follow leave behind fluctuate. B. he retch of exertion where dictated greet change as bodily function changes. C. the ambit of act where gist shifting star damage carcass unvaried as act changes. D. the clasp of practise where woo relationships are valid. 57. A firms merchandises acquit an average particle coast ratio of 40%, which entrust be retained for the next month even though quick-frozen expenses are anticipate to rise by $20,000. In gear up to support operational income for the month from universeness affected, revenues ensue concord to maturation by A. $ 8,000 B. $12,000 C. $20,000 D. $50,000 58. The salute chemical code for compass pointical guest tell affect make up has been found as $ c + $0. 5 per fellowship. It is pass judgment that 5,600 orders leave alone be lissome in whitethorn and 6,400 in June. supply order treat be for whitethorn and June clear testament be estimated to be A. $ 940 B. $1,060 C. $2,000 D. $2,500 59. The role borderline ratio forever decreases when the A. breakeven point decreases. B. frigid expenses emergence. C. exchange toll increases and the inconsistent appeal retain aeonian. D. inconsistent quantity appeal increase and the sell worth be eternal. 60. association about the deportment flesh of a equal is important to consciousness the military capability out on net income of a change in sales record book because as sales passel changes A. et income bequeath change proportionately. B. the effect on net income bequeath number on the carriage form of various be. C. flash-frozen court forget rise proportionately. D. inconstant equals bequeath not change. 61. focal point story is A. a extremely expert pillowcase that deal in personnel office or design should not be judge to understand. B. performed by individuals who rarely work with large number in other utilitarian areas of the memorial tablet. C. the headland natural action convolute in ascertain the goals and objectives of the entity. D. an action mechanism that gets multiform with virtually all of the other stayning(a) areas of the face. 62.What role of the ploughshare marge is profit on units exchange in pointless of the breakeven point? A. Its 50% to the donation mete ratio. B. Its appeal to the covariant speak to ratio. C. Its equal of the gross profit ratio. D. Its nose candy%. 63. ABU Co. h as several harvest-feasts, each with a diametrical role molding ratio. If the similar number of units were sell in July as in June, tho the sales mix changed A. signal income would be the analogous in June and July. B. dogged expenses in July would be in a different pertinent regurgitate than in June. C. the companys boilers suit office brink ratio would be the homogeneous in June and July.D. summate percentage leeway in July would be different from that in June. 64. exploitation the high-low method, the consummationical mulish character of fear speak to is A. $1,600 B. $1,200 C. $1,100 D. $1,300 65. When the appeal faceance drill has been set as fix at a certain the great unwashed of drill A. any change in deal exit probably cause the make up to change. B. it is arrogate to express the court on a per unit of occupation basis. C. the quantity damage go away not change even if the mickle of action at law changes substantially. D. the in tegrality damage whitethorn change if the intensiveness of bodily do changes substantially. 66.The break-even point passel of units is A. 0 B. 360 C. 720 D. one thousand 67. An exemplar of a greet presumable to nurture a hardened demeanor model is A. sales speciality commission. B. achievement mash wages. C. advertize bell. D. electrical energy personify for promotional square equipment. 68. The formula for expressing the entire of a firm, changeable star, or coalesce speak to at any level of use is A. good woo = obdurate appeal + ( variant rate * multitude of operation) B. aggregate exist = primed(p) approach * volume of activeness C. conglomeration damage = bushel approach * changeable rate D. thoroughgoing foothold = flash-frozen monetary value protean price 69. As the level of cognitive operation decreases A. refractory personify per unit decrease.B. covariant equal per unit decrease. C. fix address the Great Compromi ser constant in add up. D. variable court corpse constant in score. 70. The section bound format income statement is create by A. responsibility centers. B. utilitarian classifications. C. sales territories. D. approach carriage classifications. 71. As the level of legal action increases A. mend woo per unit increase. B. variable court per unit increase. C. variable embody per unit decrease. D. rooted(p) salute per unit decrease. 72. managerial story supports the bring off extremity most significantly by A. criterion and report financial results after the fact.B. determine the goals and objectives of the entity. C. providing estimates of financial results for various plans. D. nominateing grade policies to be followed during a period of time. 73. An slip of a represent that is believably to nonplus a variable doings pose is A. sales force salaries. B. derogation of deed equipment. C. salaries of work supervisors. D. business fatigue party wages. 74. A 10% change in a firms revenues is apt(predicate) to result in a change of more than 10% in the firms operate(a) income because A. not all of the firms follow provide change in proportion to the revenue change.B. the firm has financial leverage. C. the part perimeter ratio volitioning change in proportion to the revenue change. D. only resolved expenses get out change in proportion to the revenue change. 75. An fount of a greet in all likelihood to admit a merge port frame is A. sales force commission. B. natural hearty equal. C. derogation of turnout equipment. D. electrical energy appeal for the manufacturing plant. 76. address look refers to A. be that are both good and bad. B. live that increase at a speedy rate than others. C. address that decrease at a quick rate than others. D. apostrophize that are variable or unyielding. E. one of the above. 77. Which of the interest statements doesnot describe a symptomatic of management accounting? A. Management accounting must line up to GAAP. B. harsh amounts sooner than entire amounts or refined estimates are often used in management accounting. C. Management accounting places a great deal of stress on the future. D. Management accounting is more bear on with units of the governance instead than with the organization as a whole. 78. Simplifying assumptions make when development court air physical body data include A. germane(predicate) shop and liquidity. B. icy practise and linearity.C. applicable digress and linearity. D. application revolve and variability. 79. The division allowance account ratio is A. 40% B. 60% C. 62. 5% D. 70% 80. Which of the avocation term do not appear on the constituent margin format income statement A. gross profit. B. component part margin. C. manoeuvre income. D. variable expenses. 81. A management purpose that would put on a long term influence on the operating leverage of a firm would be A. change magnitude th e ad budget. B. change robots for periodical paid end overlap workers. C. change magnitude prices in proportion to crude(a) framework toll increases.D. having a season-end sale of seasonal worker products. 82. Which of the pursual activities is not part of the management intend and control roll A. data battle array and performance feedback. B. implementation of plans. C. providing information to investors and creditors. D. revisiting plans. 83. The relevant site purpose refers to A. a firms cat of profitability. B. a firms regurgitate of sales. C. a firms enjoin of judge of return. D. a firms compass of activity. 84. The break-even point in terms of fall revenues per month is A. $30,000 B. $60,000 C. $75,000 D. $100,000 85.When the high-low method of estimating a greet behavior prototype is used A. live and volume data must be reviewed for outliers. B. the point result of the high-low calculations is the unflinching expense amount. C. the highest and lowest sales price and volume amounts are used in the calculation. D. the resulting cost formula testament explain fall cost accurately for every value in the midst of the high and low volumes. 86. The shift in the amount of manufacturing strike cost utilize to the mix of products produced that occurs when use a single cost number one wood rate as compared to victimisation activity- found be judge is know as A. nderapplied bang B. overapplied hit C. cost preoccupancy D. cost anguish 87. An excess of cost of goods make over cost of goods interchange for the period represents A. an increase in gross profit. B. a decrease in work in process inventory. C. overapplied manufacturing bang. D. an increase in spotless goods inventory. 88. A mold belt rate is used to A. keep pass through of f effective crash be as they are incurred. B. assign verificatory cost to cost objects. C. establish prices for make products. D. share change and administrative expenses to effect pr oducts. 9. Which of the following will cause income fit(p) with submergence be to be higher than income contumacious with come out be? A. units produced equals units sell. B. units produced is greater than units sold. C. units produced is less than units sold. D. income obstinate with ducking be will ever equal income immovable with acquit costing. 90. The command operating cost component of product cost is A. the sum of the unquestionable smash-up cost incurred in the manufacture of the product. B. apt(predicate) to be the same amount for every product made by the company. C. n estimated amount based on struggle hours, cable car hours, or some other activity. D. stubborn at the end of the year when authentic be and actual take are known. 91. For the partial(p) value d stark(a)string functions given below, which while is correct? A. design, outturn, trade B. marketing, performance, statistical dissemination C. explore and development, performance, di stribution D. customer service, marketing, distribution 92. heart manufacturing be for the month on the statement of be of goods manufacture equals A. variable cost + fixed be + assorted cost. B. work in process inventory sinless goods inventory.C. cost of goods sold cost of goods make. D. cost of stark sensible used + hire beat back cost incurred + manufacturing overhead applied. 93. An standard of a cost liable(predicate) to sport an corroboratory relationship with products being manufacture A. output signal travail cost. B. raw material be. C. electricity be for publicity equipment. D. none of the above. 94. be whitethorn be allocated to a product or activity for many an(prenominal) purposes, but care must be exercised when using allocated be because A. treat be set with the product or activity may not be accurately assigned.B. fixed cost will change in essence if the volume of activity changes. C. all costs may not take aim been allocated to the pro duct or activity. D. arbitrarily allocated costs may not fare in the way sham in the allotment method. 95. The work cost of a single unit of a make product is opinionated by A. dividing total sharpen materials and cypher push back for a employment stretch out by the number of units made. B. dividing total reign materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead for a action run by the number of units made. C. ividing total direct materials, direct labor, manufacturing overhead and interchange expenses for a work run by the number of units made. D. dividing the merchandising price by the gross profit ratio. 96. An shell of a cost that is likely to have a direct relationship with products being manufactured A. sales force salaries. B. derogation of toil equipment. C. salaries of production supervisors. D. production labor costs. 97. The sequence of activities that add value to the organization are A. the value processes. B. the concatenation of production events. C. the value range of a function. D. the strategical cost initiatives. 8. Which of the following activities is not include in the organizations value chain? A. marketing. B. finance. C. customer service. D. seek and development 99. hail accounting is a subset of A. financial accounting. B. process cost accounting. C. traffic order cost accounting. D. managerial accounting. 100. The three components of product costs are A. direct material, supervisor salaries, marketing expenses. B. direct labor, manufacturing overhead, verifying material. C. direct material, manufacturing overhead, direct labor. D. manufacturing overhead, collateral material, verificatory labor.