Administrative Processes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative Processes - Assignment Example Contextually, the 5-step problem solving method can be used to measure and sustain quality in healthcare settings. The first step is definition of an underlying problem. In healthcare quality management, patient suggestion boxes can be used to collect feedback from concerned clients. Subsequently, clients’ suggestions can be analyzed and used as input in defining a healthcare quality problem. The brainstorming step can be used to indicate the most urgent quality solutions for the defined problem. Thirdly, prioritizing and picking of solutions that are in harmony with quality and cost objectives of an organization helps in the measurement of healthcare quality. Next, the solution implementation step can indicate quality through effectiveness of execution and progress testing techniques. Finally, the last step of evaluation and correction indicates the level of success achieved by the problem solving method. A different problem solving method that can be used in place of the 5-step method is the Deming Cycle. Deming Cycle has the following steps; plan, do, check, and act. In healthcare, social marketing strives to influence consumers through marketing mix strategies used in business environments. Marketing mix strategies combine elements of price, place, product and promotion in influencing consumer behaviors. In health campaigns, social marketing involves customized selection of messages and delivery channels that suit a specific segment of audiences. For example, popular social media channels like Facebook and Twitter can be used to deliver customized messages about dangers of drug abuse to teenagers and young adults. Contrarily, cause-related marketing involves provision of goods and services that exactly meet customers’ demands. In healthcare, cause-related marketing entails delivering medical services that suit client’s tailored needs. An example of cause-related marketing in healthcare is provision of

Theories of deviance Essay Example for Free

Theories of deviance Essay Theories of deviance (1)The text describes issues of unacceptable behavior in the society. There was given 4 different theories that explain reasons and different aspects of deviance behavior. (2)In the beginning of the text author gives us the examples of deviance behavior: alcoholism, stealing, being nude in public places. Also there is a definition of deviance behavior: behavior that violates social norms and disapproval from the majority of society. However, the behavior which is deviant for one group of people may be acceptable for others. Science that explore deviance is criminology. (3)Differential-association theory. Edwin Sutherland, the author derive this theory to explain the processes of how people learn to violate. The key features of this theory is environment in which the person is and agents of socialization: family, friends, co-workers and media. People learn criminal behavior from the interactions with others, especially in small groups. The problem is that the vague terminology of the theory don’t let it to validate empirically. Anomie theory. Robert Merton defines the term â€Å"anomie† as situation in which social norms conflict or don’t even exist. Merton pointed the difference between social acceptable goals and opportunities that people have to reach this goals. With the example of achievement of wealth author shows that when people don’t have means to attain their goals, they can use deviance behavior as a response to injustice. Although, the theory does not explains the process of learning deviance. Control theory. Walter Reckless claim that people periodically may want to act in deviance ways, but most of them don’t do it. The key is in various restraints, like internal: conscience, values, integrity, and outer: police, family and religious authorities. Self-control plays an important role in preventing unacceptable acting. Development of self-control requires right  socialization, especially in early childhood. Critics use the examples of politics and businessmen’s that commit crimes. Labeling theory. The theory claims that acting become deviant only when society defines it deviant. Drug addicts, alcoholics, criminals, sex offenders, retarded people are labeled as deviant people. The consequences of being labeled can be very deep, for example people who are labeled as deviant are more likely to act against social norms as a result of the label. In support of the theory author gives the description of classic study (William Chambliss, 1973) into the effects of labeling. 1- Conclusion. 2- Introduction. 3- Arguments Explanations background information.

Reflective Essay On Pressure Sore Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Pressure Sore Nursing Essay My aim of this essay is to reflect on my learning outcome pressure sore care and management. Pressure sores also known as decubitus ulcers. Benbow (2006) defines it as areas of localized tissue damage as a result of excess pressure, shearing or friction forces. To reflect on my learning process, I am going to apply Gibbs reflective model, which is a renowned model in reflective practice. This model requires passing through six stages to complete one reflective cycle. These six stages are description, feelings, analysis, evaluation, conclusion and action plan and I am going to explore in these six steps how I achieved my learning outcome. In the first stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988) I will describe the event which inspired me to get competent in pressure sore management. My placement area was a nursing home setting where almost all service users are old age people who are prone to get pressure sores so I had seen many pressure ulcers. However, one particular service user whose pressure wound I will never forget. I will address her as Mrs. N to maintain her confidentiality (NMC 2008). She is an 86 yr old, suffering from dementia and doubly incontinence. She had a big, black and hard wound on her right hip. The skin was intact but it was extremely discolored. According to EPUAP (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel) guidelines, it was grade 4 pressure wound as there were full thickness skin loss and it was covered by necrotic tissues. It was getting foul smell and the wound started to debride from the sides in a few days. The second stage of Gibbs reflective cycle requires me to reflect on my feeling for the event. It was my first day in that unit and I went with a nurse in Mrs. Ns room where she was going to do her pressure wound dressing. I had no idea about her wounds grade. I started to assist the nurse and as she opened the dressing I was shocked. I did read the description and seen pictures for grade 4 pressure wound (EPUAP guide to pressure ulcer grading) but never seen it in my past practice so it was absolutely shocking for me. I felt very disgusted. I tried to put myself in her place and when the nurse was touching her wound I was feeling like its happening to me but the most tragic thing for Mrs. N was that she was not able to express her pain as a result of her dementia. The study conducted by Bale s., C. Dealey et al (2007) had found shocking revelations about the effect of pressure ulcers, amount of pain and its effect on a patients life. I was thinking what could be the reason behind it . Is it our negligence or something else for what patient was suffering? Third stage of Gibbs reflective model needs reflector evaluates the event. According to NICE guidelines, a patient who is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer should be assessed within 6 hours of admission (NICE 2003). While in Mrs. Ns case she has been in the nursing home for a long time so her assessment should have been ongoing as she was prone to develop it. The other thing I evaluate was that nurse remains very busy during her shifts so she relies on support staff regarding the patients condition so there are chances that nurses missed to assess Mrs. N for pressure sore on regular interval. According to Mockridge and Antony (1999), the nurse must have basic knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention, healing and treatment to avoid the occurrence and discomfort. There are many risk assessment tools to assess patient for pressure ulcer development which I have been familiar during my learning process. These scales known as Norton scale, Waterlow scale and Branden scale (Norton et al . 1985, Branden and Bergstrom 1987, Waterlow 1991 and 1998). It could have been possible to prevent Mrs. N from getting that worse ulcer by carrying out assessment based on one of these scales. Analysis is the fourth stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988). My knowledge about the pressure sore care and management was very limited. According to the code (NMC 2008) you must take part in appropriate learning and practice activities that maintain and develop your competence and performance. I decide to get competent in pressure sore care and management as I am going to be a qualified nurse I should have the knowledge and skill to practice safe (NMC2008). I analyzed from this event that first step to become competent in this skill is to learn a proper risk assessment skill using one of the risk assessment tools because prevention is always better than cure. To justify this, during my learning process I carried out some assessment on service users who were vulnerable. I used Waterlow scale (Waterlow, 1998). This assessment helped me to classify ulcer. The classification of wound helps to determine the most effective treatment (Daugherty and Lister, 2008). The next aim should be to minimize the pressure on pressure area. To apply this in my placement area I followed NICE guidelines which suggested that there must be a position changing schedule (NICE 2003). Thus, I participate with my team and we prepared position turning charts for the service users who were at risk of developing a pressure ulcer. The other factors involve in preventive managements are pressure relief devices i.e., cushions and mattresses, pressure area skin care specially in incontinence patients and ongoing assessments. The next step after the assessment is planning. It is very crucial aid which leads the patient towards fitness. I prepared and the update care plan by following NICE (2003) guidelines and my placement area policy and procedures. I discussed it with my mentor, my colleagues and other support staff to get suggestion and to improve quality of care (NMC 2008). Apart from all above factors, the important management step in grade 3-4 ulcers are dressing. I also analyzed that I need to perform ulcer dressing on Mrs. Ns ulcer to get confidence and to know my abilities. Before starting dressing I discussed with the nurse about dressing materials used for Mrs. N and prepared trolley using aseptic technique. My mentor observed me carry out dressing and I followed the steps as done by tissue viability nu rse. I also practice for dressing on grade-2 and grade- 3 pressure sores under supervision which gave me self-assurance. The nursing care is not complete without an evaluation. It helps nurses to critically evaluate the patients condition whether it is stable, has deteriorated or improved. During evaluation process I found that our care plans were making significant effects on patient care and helped us to promote their health. In the fifth stage of Gibbs reflective cycle I am going to draw a conclusion following my learning process. I have become competent in the care and management of pressure ulcer. It had provided me skill to practice confidently. If nurses caring of Mrs. N had used their skills and knowledge, then they could have prevented pressure ulcer. There must be busy working environment where for the nurse it is not possible to give detailed attention on every service user but according to the code (NMC 2008), the nurse should work with others to protect and promote the health and well-being of those in her care. I certainly learn the importance of close observation in health care practice. The final stage of the reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988) is an action plan which facilitates the reflector to plan for the future. It needs you to prepare a plan of actions to take if the situation arises again and also plan for improvement in future practice. I planned that I will perform pressure ulcer dressing whenever there will be a patient requiring pressure sore dressing to get expertise, to increase my confidence and knowledge . I will read more research articles in this area to dig up more and to deliver the best care based on the best available evidence (NMC 2008). I am also planning to discuss this topic with fellow peers.

Exceptional Students Essay -- Teaching Education

Exceptional Students Every year there are changes made about a child’s education, in the attempt to provide the best education possible for children. In recent years, the education of students with disabilities, who were previously not educated in the regular school system, has been publicly debated. The idea of inclusion, or mainstreaming has received a great deal of support. Although there is the need to adapt programs and sometimes classroom environments for the child with special needs, there are many benefits for all that are included in this situation. This paper will define the phrase â€Å"mainstreaming†, and what constitutes a child with disabilities. The role that teachers play within the classroom is one that will affect all students. The importance of teachers will be discussed as to their influence on children and parents. As well, strategies that a child and youth care worker could use when working with the disabled will be discussed. Over the past 30-35 years there have been much advancement made towards the education of students with disabilities. Students with disabilities can include students with â€Å"mental retardation, hearing impairment (deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (blindness), serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, health impairments, or learning disabilities.† (Deiner 1993, p. 27) In the past, disabled children were often placed in institutions, or kept in the home, with no form of education. Educating the disabled was thought to be a waste of time, since their future roles were limited. At the present time, inclusion begins early, within the schools, and continues throughout the life span, through employment. There has be a significant shift away from the placement of disabled children in institutions, and instead into the classroom. This idea of â€Å"mainstreaming† means moving handicapped children to the least restrictive environment, away from segregated classes and into regular classes. These changes have occurred for many reasons. Parents began to advocate for their disabled children, and put pressure on administration and lawmakers to allow children equal chances. Federal legislature ruled in favor of the development of special education programs. Court decisions ruled in favor of every child’s right to receive public education. The ... ...vel of engaged behaviors. The ability for the teacher and special education teacher to work together in a team teaching role will definitely benefit the student (Logan, Bakeman & Keefe 1997). Planning is the key to successful disabled children. As a child and youth worker you need to be able to adapt programs for children, based on their ability, and be willing to help them reach their goals. Bibliography: References Scruggs, T.E., & Mastropieri, M.A. (1996). Teacher Perceptions of Mainstreaming/Inclusion, 1958-1995: A Research Synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63(1) 59-74. Field, S. (1996). Self-Determination Instructional Strategies for Youth with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29(1), 40-59. Logan, K.R., Bakeman, R. & Keefe, E.B. (1997). Effects of Instructuinal Variables on Engaged Behavior of Students with Disabilities in General Education Classrooms. Exceptional Children 63(4), 481-497. Goldson, E. (1998). Children with Disabilities and Child Maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(7), 663-667. Deiner, P.L. (1993). Resources for Teaching Children with Diverse Abilities. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Orlando, Fl.

American Psycho Review

Psycho is a cult movie based on the much controversial novel by Brett Gaston Ellis. Directed by Mary Harrow, it is a dark comedy and a clever satire of America in the 1 us that artfully connects conformity, materialism, misogyny, narcissism, classicism and superficiality. If you are a movie connoisseur and enjoy well directed stories, you should definitely not miss American Psycho. But this movie Is a bit difficult to assimilate as it is hard on your guts and your mind due to the obvious violence and gore, it is not for everyone, but definitely Is a work of art!The opening reedits are very artsy and one of the finest examples of cinematography Eve ever seen. The cranberry Juice Is very easily mistaken as drops of blood falling which Is a very subtle Imagery evoking sinister abstractions. The attention to detail Is almost Impeccable, from the dressing styles, the music culture, architecture, gadgets, the landscape, Interior decorations & design, to the movie texture. There Is a deep c haracter study of Patrick Bateman, who Is a suave yuppie working at Wall Street. This wealthy 27 year old working as Vice President in Pierce & Pierce becomes a psycho killer by evening.The character is portrayed by the flamboyant welsh actor Christian Bale whose performance was nothing less than chilling and sensational. Bale did a great job to bring out the split personality of Bateman. Bateman has many unusual traits. He is an attention-to-detail freak. During his elaborate morning routine, he even mentions why he doesn't use aftershave with little or no alcohol. Why? â€Å"Because alcohol makes your skin dry and makes you look older†. He is the epitome of narcissism which is why he HAS to look good and have the perfect body. He even video tapes his sexual escapades.His laconic manner of dialogues goes to suggest typical psychopathic behavior. There is a sever diversification and identity crisis depicted in the movie where Bateman desperately tries to stand out. Bateman wa s easily mistaken to be Halberds because they wore the same suits and went to the same salons. Another hilarious moment was when they were comparing their business cards and all of them were Vice presidents of the same firm! You know you are a Patrick Bateman when you are on the verge of murdering the other person if their business card is better than yours.Bateman dines at the nines of restaurants, wears only designer clothes, lives in an uptown Manhattan apartment overlooking the American gardens, goes to the best spas and tanning booths, gets off on cocaine and if these aren't enough to fill his hollowness, he resorts eating cooked brains of random strangers. He Is absolutely devoid of human emotions, those other than lust, greed and disgust. He kills his associate Paul Allen because Paul could get a reservation at some fancy restaurant and he couldn't! There are some disturbing scenes where he commits grisly murders of his friend Elizabeth, homeless person and his dog out of she er boredom.As the story unfolds, his blood thirst becomes more acute and he rampantly kills people In order to get noticed. This is when he starts to lose grip on reality and things become more surreal which suggests that the killings were in his head. There are many junctures in the movie where this is almost evident, for example the ATM machine read â€Å"Feed me a stray cat† and Bateman tried to insert the cat forcefully through the slot. By the end of the to convey? † Also did or did not Bateman kill all those people. But it is not a real story, he killings are clearly metaphorical.It mocks an era where women treated like garbage; people resorted to conformity & materialism and where the well-off folks were ‘busy listening to annoying music, getting high, eating gourmet meals and talking big. It has a subtle philosophical tangent too, it is not that life is pointless and therefore Bateman does evil, but instead that he does evil to prove (to himself) that life is pointless and his actions have no ramifications. Hence a society without a moral compass makes the environment congenial for psychopaths like Bateman to be born.

Autoliv QB A Proposed Joint Venture

Autoliv QB A Proposed Joint Venture Problem statement In this case study, the General Manager of Qualibrand, Mr. Orosa is faced with a prospective joint venture proposition. A quick look at the situation reveals that Qualibrand Company is the right choice to consider in the joint business venture with Autoliv because it has good marketing capabilities in the targeted market in terms of sales of its products.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Autoliv QB: A Proposed Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However the venture involves production and distribution of a new product which Qualibrand lacks knowledge in and thus possesses limited technological expertise to produce. In addition to this, Mr. Orosa has not factor in the future goals and objectives of Qualibrands as related to possible profits and losses or further market expansions derived from increased demand. Another problem that is inherent in this assessment structure is that Qualib rand does not cover all aspects required before involving itself in a joint venture. In addition to this, the potential market (Thailand) is already saturated by other self established suppliers of the same product and this will pose a serious problem when it comes to distribution and marketing. Problem analysis Qualibrand Company has been dealing with the production of minor car accessories and distribution of differentiated products on a local level. This venture proposes a production capacity higher than what qualibrand can handle. In addition to this, it is a new product to Qualibrand which means new technology, better labor and new marketing and distribution strategies in order to efficiently ensure success in this joint venture.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same note, there are some aspects that have been neglected during the whole process. For example there is no specific timeframe as to how long the alliance will last or how the profits and losses will be divided in the future of the venture. To add on this, there is no clear information on how the joint venture will affect Qualibrand’s current operations. Also Mr. Orosa would be the general manager if the joint venture went through but it is clear that he and Qualibrand as a whole lacked the expertise to produce and market this new product both in terms of skills and experience. As Schniederjans (1998) literates, poor management skills leads to poor results and without this knowledge, the venture was bound to fail. Also, Autoliv has not fully addressed the human resource aspect. This is because SMACA as a partner is given a small portion on the overall management of the venture yet its contribution is of great significance to the whole operation. This would bring some unforeseen conflicts in the future if not addressed. In addition to this, Qualibrand has not co nsidered how it will handle its human resource during the transition. As suggested by Autoliv, in order to be fully compliant they require new employees who are conversant and experienced with the technology and production of the seat belts. The other option would be to offer training to the current employees a process which would evidently take time and consume more resources in terms of finances. This is the most important aspect to consider because the employees are core to the success of any venture. Qualibrand should instead figure out a better option through which they can maintain their worker and equip them with the necessary skills.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Autoliv QB: A Proposed Joint Venture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another problem that may arise from this venture is the communication issue. For any joint venture to realize full potential there must be efficient communication channels between the partners (Dianne, 1995). From the provided case it is evident that there is a communication problem. This is evident from the fact that there has not been any meeting convened between the key players of this venture. This means that Autoliv is trying to manipulate the whole deal without considering the different opinions in strategy that the other partners may have. Probable solutions for the problems Before signing the final papers, all the partners must ensure that they meet and discuss the whole venture. In so doing, they will be able to settle any differences that they may have and at the same time come up with ideal solutions and decisions. In addition to this, they all must produce their financial statement and other information accompanied with their set goals as pertaining to the venture to ensure that trust prevails through out the venture. Also, a detailed SWOT analysis should be presented to all partners so that they can further understand the dynamics of the venture. On the same note, an implementation model should also be designed to ensure that the proceedings are systematic, and all the political, economical, social and technological (PEST) aspects are covered and handled accordingly. Additionally, a recruitment strategy should be put in place to ensure that all the employees in this venture are more than qualified for the available jobs and the process of recruiting, retraining and hiring is balanced between all the involved partners. Gutterman acclaims that a good joint venture is one that evaluates all the strengths and weaknesses of the partners and maximizes on them irrespective of the prevailing conditions (2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applicability of the solutions In presenting the SWOT analysis of each partner, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats surrounding each individual company shall be known. The information gathered from the analysis can be used to identify which firm best suits a particular responsibility. For example Qualibrand lacks the technology and skilled man power needed for the success of this venture but this is covered by Autoliv which has both. On the other hand, Autoliv’s lack of marketing and distribution channels in the Philippines is compensated by Qualibrand’s efficiency in the same. The PEST analysis would help this venture in evaluating how other factors may influence the venture. For example, the impact that taxes, fiscal policies, political atmosphere, social and environmental factors have on the prices and demand of the product. In so doing, production limits and prices can be set in relation to the demand and supply tendencies of the targeted markets. The recruitment process is core to the survival of any business venture and by carefully selecting the most qualified candidates it ensures that the venture will survive the developing stage which is the hardest stage in a business cycle. Also, the process helps create a unified vision among the partners and employees hence motivating them to work even harder. Impact of the solutions to the company As a result of the PEST analysis, the company will be able to minimize the overall cost of production because an illustrative study of the market will always be available. Also the information gathered can be used to monitor demand and therefore reduce the rick of over or under production. The SWOT analysis will help the company fully utilize the available resources from the firms efficiently thereby providing it with a competitive edge against other competitors. The recruitment strategy will have the greatest effect on marketing, production and service provision. If the most qualified an d experienced workers are employed in the various departments, then the company will run with lots of ease due to the high level of professionalism employed by the workers. Possible issues arising from the solutions Due to the changes in operation, some of the employees currently working in Qualibrand will have to be laid off. This is bound to cause commotions and a demonstration is likely to occur due to the drastic move. However the managers of Qualibrand should organize a compensation package to all the employees that have dedicated themselves to the company but do not have adequate qualifications for the transition. Due to the importation of man power from other countries, there should be some training offered to the foreigners so as to bridge the cultural diversity that would arise from the employees. This will help in reducing conflicts that may come up due to the various differences that the employees may have. Conclusion From the above analysis, a detailed discussion has bee n offered concerning the alliance of Qualibrand and the partners. The potential problems have been highlighted and solutions given. Also the social and ethical impacts of this joint venture have been mentioned and recommendations as to how they can be resolved have been put across. If implemented, the joint venture would be as productive as expected. References Schniederjans, M. J. (1998). Operations Management in a Global Context. NY: Greenwood Publishing Group Gutterman, A. (2002). A short course in international joint ventures: negotiating, forming, and operating the international joint venture. World Trade Press. Dianne, J, C. (1995). The human resource challenge of international joint ventures. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Scientific Management vs. Needs Theorists

Scientific Management vs. Needs Theorists Free Online Research Papers This essay will discuss the notion that the claims of the ‘Needs Theorists’, though impressive, are impractical in reality and therefore, that Taylors Scientific Management approach is better suited for achieving organisational effectiveness and efficiency. The importance of understanding and predicting human behaviour in an organisational setting became of prime importance in the late 1950’s early 1960’s. Prior to then bureaucratic practices and scientific management techniques had sufficed as mechanisms through which management could maximise control and productivity. The reliance on psychology as a legitimatory tool for managerial solutions to workplace problems has led to claims that it and it alone, has provided solutions to many of the human problems encountered in business. Lecture notes (4/11/2007) The Needs theories are based on simple ideas that work-related behaviours are directed to satisfying certain needs. People will try their hardest to achieve in and outside work to satisfy their needs depending on the type and quality of that need. A. Furnham (1997) The most well known theory is that of Maslow (1954). Maslows theory supposed that people have five types of needs that are activated in a hierarchical manner. And then the needs are aroused in a specific order, that the lower-order need must be satisfied before the next higher-order needs have been satisfied. When the lowest-order need is met then the next highest need in the hierarchy is triggered, and so on. A. Furnham (1997) At the beginning of the twentieth century an influential model of organisational behaviour was scientific management which was the approach that was developed by F. W. Taylor, which he intended for achieving organisational effectiveness and efficiency. The basis of his approach is that if you study what to do in sufficient detail you can optimise the performance of individuals by cutting out all the redundant effort and maximising the useful movements. J. Weightman (1999) â€Å"For example, by looking at how someone skins and slices white fish in a factory you can see that some workers are much more efficient than others. By analysing them ‘scientifically’, that is systematically, to see each movement they make of the fish, hands, body and knife you can arrive at a pattern to teach others to make them more efficient fish skinners and slicers. if this principle of careful analysis is then applied to the whole selection of staff and equipment you arrive at a scientifically managed organisation.† J. Weightman (1999) This scientific procedure is still seen in such devices as quality procedures, the design of control systems in factories and in the analysis of tasks for piece work. The hard part of using only such a ‘hard’ mechanistic approach is that its hard to take into account any individual differences because not everyone is able to work effectively in the same way. And some individuals may fail to show their initiative and creativity that they have to offer. However the approach can also be useful to managers where the turnover of staff is high, a simple routine task or where the staff cannot be expected to be very motivated. Mcdonald’s food chain is a prime example of this approach. It has scientifically analysed every aspect of their business from the raw materials and packaging, to training of the staff. Another example is call centres like telephone banking and advice lines, where the staff are always under pressure to reach targets and they have little influence over their work. J. Weightman (1999) Research Papers on Scientific Management vs. Needs TheoristsThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export Quotas

Why Females Join Gangs Essay Example

Why Females Join Gangs Essay Example Why Females Join Gangs Essay Why Females Join Gangs Essay Why Females Join Gangs Female gang involvement has been on the rise throughout the decades. Deciding to become a gang member is a huge step for any girl or woman to take. There is no one specific reason, but instead several different motivating factors for females to join gangs. These factors include economic stresses, family stress, and a need to belong. Gender differences play a role in the urban environment and female victimization, young females turns to gangs in response to family and community violence victimization rather than a learned normalized behavior. Understanding the easons why females Join gangs in the first place will cause a better understanding of female gang involvement as a whole. This paper will discuss the contextual factors that motivate girls to Join a gang; the extent of the girls criminal behavior; and the physical, sexual, and psychological abuses the girls experience from other gang members. Female gang membership has increased in the recent years, with 29. 9% of girls claiming membership in high risk, high crime neighborhoods in 2008, and leading the National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency to rank young females as the fastest rowing offenders in national unevenly Justice population in 2009. Studies show the reason for female membership in gangs is due to pro-violent attitudes, physical abuse, abandonment and emotional abuse by caretakers. Gang involvement maybe a learned behavior situated in the context of childhood exposures to violence. In the inner cities of America a Job shortage took place in the eighties a nd early nineties, it was hard for the youths to find employment. This led to the establishment of a very productive underground economy. According to Moore, the flourishing underground economy attracted gangs and increased gang membership. With the loss of Jobs and changes to the welfare system made it very difficult for inner city members to provide for their families. This was a hard time for women especially pregnant women. For these individuals gangs were seen as positive organizations that benefited the struggling community. According to Moore, gangs offered resources and protection to community members, more specifically females who feared their neighborhood. The struggling economy and inability to find a Job made gang life very attractive to both males and females. Economic stress often translated into a strain on family life. It may seem unreal that young girls would put themselves in a situation that involves such a high rate of risk. Most female gang involvement come from broken homes, where they have previously been a victim of a crime. In 1998, the National Council on Crime and Delinquency performed a study on young girls in the California juvenile Justice system to gain information on victimization before becoming a juvenile offender. Out of all the females interviewed 92% said that they had been abused emotionally, physically, or sexually before becoming a Juvenile offender. Although a majority of girls are abused before Joining a gang, there are also many hat participate in gang activities for other reasons. There are four elements discussed by Archer and Grascia (2006) that are typical characteristics of individuals who are most likely to become delinquent and then possibly become part of a gang. The four elements include attachment to family, peers, commitment to society, involvement in traditional activities such as going to school or work and belief in moral values. The following factors affecting female gang membership branch off these four key elements. A relationship a young women has with friends and male gang members seems to e the greatest factor of female gang involvement. Protection that membership offer women may be another reason why females become part of gangs. Young women value this protection because they may feel threatened by rival gang members or other non-gang men in the environment (Miller, 1998). By entering a gang females feel that they will gain respect from others such as their parents and rival peers. In the oxford reading a finding by Wang, stated that whereas more males Join gangs to make money, females are more likely to become associated with a gang for emotional support. This statement was contradicted by Walker-Barnes and Mason in 001, who found that an influence for females to Join a gang is the possibility of committing illegal activities that could lead to money-making opportunities. It was also found that the idea of these activities as exciting and providing adventure could be another factor for influencing females to affiliate with gangs Walker-Barnes Mason. The study that Walker-Barnes and Mason did found that many of the female reported that belonging to a gang made them feel important and good about themselves, built up their self-confidence, and allowed them to experience what it is like to be part of something important. Female gang members tries to make the gang their replacement family and often times see gang membership as fun. Some females even Join gangs for friendship or fun. Females may also Join gangs to escape from hostile home environments caused by poverty, abuse, or low parental involvement. A lot of female gang members has been sexually abused at home and may Join gangs to obtain protection from the abusive families. Female gang members wants attention from their parents, Joining a gangs is a way for them to gain attention even if its in a negative way. Adverse childhood experiences affect gang involvement. The violence and abuses that female gang members encounter inside their home, in the of interparental violence or physical or sexual childhood abuse and outside the home, in a form of community gang violence has showed to be a pervasive and inescapable context. Many of the women explicitly reflected upon a casual relationship between early childhood abuse or neglect experiences and gang membership Another point made is some females may think that becoming a member of a gang will actually give them the opportunity to demonstrate violent behavioral actions they may have learned from home according to Archer Grascia. For example, female gang members are more likely than male gang members to have come from a home that contained drug use and family members that have been arrested for crimes according to Moore. A study was done on 15 young females that lives in a residential treatment, they where interviewed about gang involvement. The structure of the interview was developed from Quickers social structural view of female Juvenile delinquency, which proposes the examination of macro level and exolevel issues as well as micro level issues. One out of the 15 who were interviewed stated Basically, I was born into the gang. My mother and stepfather were leaders in the gang, and I was always there. For my first birthday I got a tattoo on my arm that says Crips. Ill be one of them till I die. Most girls arent born into the gang, usually they start hangin with us at around nine or 10. Another was interviewed she was asked her reason for Joining a gang. She replied, with two answers belonging to a family and the feeling of power. My gang is my family; Im accepted, and I know I can always count on them. My family (gang) makes me feel like Im a somebody. When were hanging, people respect me. Conflict with and ambivalence toward the family of origin are aspects of normal adolescent development according to Erikson and Molidor. The teenager feels tense and anxious in the presence of the parents and feels safe only when apart from them. Instead of admitting any dependence and love, they take an attitude that is exactly the opposite according to Freud. The healthy teenager struggles with the issues surrounding individuation and separation and slowly develops a more individual sense of self apart from the family. Becoming a young female teenager in America can be a characteristic that nfluences young females to become apart of a gang. According to Wang the want or/ and need of experiencing adult roles, the security of having a specific status and identity, and the innate response to defy parents and/or people in authority may be seen as potentially influencing a young women into a gang. Most have been victims of violence and sexual abuse from parents and relatives since early childhood. They have been victims of poor economic conditions and the cycle of poverty and of overburdened and understaffed school systems that have failed to recognize them as at risk.

Business Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Cultures - Essay Example These beliefs and expectations produce norms that powerfully shape the behaviour of individuals and groups within the organization† (Schwartz and Davis 33).2 From an employee’s standpoint it would simply be â€Å"the way we see and do things around here.†3 In 1985, noted writer Charles Handy, in his book Understanding Organizations, drew inspiration from Roger Harrison’s (1972) work to link organizational structure to business culture and elucidated Harrison’s four types of business cultures. This culture is centered around a strong leader, who wields all the power and influences the company culture with his personality. For example, Jack Welch (former CEO of General Electric) and Rupert Murdoch (News Corporation). At times businesses are dominated by the owner/founder, for example, Michael O’Leary (Ryanair) and Richard Branson (Virgin). Its structure is usually represented by a web. Dramatic changes can be made to make the business successful as the leader has no opposition. Fair and firm leaders distribute resources equally and are generous to loyalists. As there is no need for consultation and few rules, quick decision making is possible helping businesses react fast to fluid market situations. Fear rules, and there is abuse of power and political intrigue. As only one individual is making decisions, he could make an error in judgment affecting the organization’s success. There is low motivation, high turnover, and poor loyalty among staff, who feel undervalued because of the prevalent inequality. Subordinates work to patronizing their managers to get rewarded. The second level of management is underdeveloped since powers are not delegated. The web can break if the organization becomes too complex and big. In role culture (previously termed â€Å"bureaucracy†), businesses are split into various functions, and every individual has predetermined roles, with a clear reward system. Usually found in large hierarchical organizations with

HRM effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

HRM effectiveness - Essay Example He/she also has to take into account the firm's responsibilities to the society that it operates in. Human resource management deals with the "people" dimension in management. In their book Human Resource Management, Byars and Rue, say "Human Resource Management encompasses those activities designed to provide for and coordinate the human resources of an organization (Rue, 2000)." According to Ivancevich and Glueck, "Personnel or Human resource management is the function performed in organizations that facilitates the most effective use of people or employees to achieve organizational and individual goals (Glueck, 1995)." Every organization is composed of people and utilizing their services, developing their skills, motivating them to enhance their levels of performance and ensuring that they remain committed to the organization are essential for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. This is true for all types of organizations - government, business, education, health, recreation and social action. Acquiring and retaining good human resources is an essential pre-condition for the success of every organization. Organizations that can do this will be both effective i.e. they will be able to achieve their goals as well as efficient i.e. they will use minimum resources necessary to achieve their goals. Inefficient or ineffective organizations face the danger of stagnating or going out of business. Competent managers and workers are essential for the coordination of efforts towards the ultimate objectives which ensure the survival of the organization. Though such coordination alone cannot guara ntee success, the lack of it can lead to failure. In the changing times, it has become evident that it is the human resources of an organization or a country that can lead it on the path of success. It is the competencies and attitudes of the human resources that can make or break a business. The business of attracting and retaining talent and nurturing it has become imperative for the development of an organization. Innovative and proactive HR managers have been defining new boundaries of HRM. The turbulent and dynamic markets and the changing values and expectations of the workforce have made the earlier concepts of personnel management irrelevant. A new strategic role has emerged for HRM - that of a key player, to make the organization survive and succeed in a highly competitive business environment. Business has become knowledge based, service oriented, competitive and more dynamic in this new age. The quality of human resources has become an essential factor in determining the success of any organization. In the words of Eric Flamholtz a renowned HR consultant and a Professor at Anderson Graduate School, human resources accounting is defined as "accounting people as organizational resources. Human resources accounting is measurement of the cost and value of people for an organization (Flamholtz, 1999)." Till recently, people were not accounted as resources and no value was attributed to their contribution. However, in recent times, the criticality of the contributions of human resources have been acknowledged and recognized. Hence, the concept of attributing an

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be Research Paper

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be done to improve commercial aviation - Research Paper Example On average, the number of fatal air accidents has reduced in the 21st century. However, with incidences such as the recent disappearance of a Malaysian Aeroplane, concerns on the safety of air transport are raised. Historically, United States of America has been very conscious of its air transport industry. There was enacted the Air Commerce law in 1926 which was geared towards regulating the industry. This Act provided that any air accidents should be thoroughly investigated and recommendations made. It also provided for the licencing of aircrafts and pilots. In addition, air safety, rules were spelled out as well as the use of navigation aids. The interventions have been on improvement up to today. However, accidents have not failed to occur every single year. The rate of accidents has been decreasing when a comparison is drawn between the 20th and the 21st century. Alaska makes a major contribution to the number of accidents that occur; this has been attributed to weather. 2001 was a year that witnessed major aircraft accidents and the use of aircrafts in terrorism attacks. AL Qaeda militants hijacked four passenger airliner of which two of them crashed in the North and South towers in the World trade Centre. Another major accident took place almost at the same time killing 256 people. There has been a continuous improvement made in terms of the engineering technologies, design, maintenance, as well as the development of regulations that sets safety regulation and protocols. United States has created and strengthened its institutions in monitoring air safety. The Federal Aviation Administration is a body that has been strengthened over time through the input of Congress to handle aviation regulations. The body was established through a bill presented to the Senate on May 21, 1958 and the assent of the president on August 23 1958 led to the establishment of the agency. Initially, the role of regulation was bore by Civil

Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Things Fall Apart - Essay Example The fact that he has three wives in and of itself illustrates his misogynistic nature and attitude. He is terribly cruel to his son Nwoye, as he feels that Nwoye is not masculine enough and that he is feminine and weak. Nwoye begins to behave in more masculine ways to please his father Okonkwo, as anything less is simply unacceptable and can lead to a beating from his father. Okonkwo is a portrait of dominant male ideology as he causes his family a great deal of pain and suffering because of this ideology. Okonkwo is rarely able to display emotion and is depicted as first and foremost, seeking to be masculine and in control. He is depicted however, at one point in the story, as a concerned parent, when he ventures out looking for Ezinma, after she is taken by Chielo. The reader also sees throughout the piece, Okonkwo’s difficulty in dealing with change in his environment, especially from a racial point of view. White men are coming to his village and living among his clan, only to cause Okonkwo to feel threatened and then to finally feel defeated. This is understandable as the white settlers only seek to change the ways and beliefs of the natives of Nigeria. These expressions of anti-colonialism seem to reflect the ideas of Achebe as well, as a prevailing theme surrounding the colonists seems to be their inability to speak the language of the tribe. This is ultimately what prevents them from understanding the ways of the tribe. Interestingly, as much as Okonkwo opposes the whit e man and his religion (Christianity), his son Nwoye converts to this very religion. Certainly, this is an illustration on the conflicts that arose during colonization. The white men brought their religion and beliefs to the Igbo people, and certainly Okonkwo represented the institution of tradition and culture. Further evidence of this is the fact that Okonkwo participates in the death of Ikemefuna, the sacrificial boy from a neighboring village

Assessment of Global Business Environment Essay

Assessment of Global Business Environment - Essay Example The ways in which individuals and companies interact with one another have been altered significantly. One of the most noteworthy changes is in the aspect of speed with which people can interact with one another in the modern world. Communication methods have improved vastly over the last century and this has forced business organizations to reframe their means and purposes of communication with their employees, customers and other stakeholders. Advancement in technology has allowed the companies to reduce gaps in communication with their overseas markets. In the present business platform, companies are making efforts to move ahead of their services offered domestically and are striving to enter into new markets, particularly in the developing countries. High rate of technological development has helped participants in the global market to access these technological knowhow at a cheaper rate. Information flows across the geographical boundaries with greater speed and accuracy and rea ches a larger population within a short period of time. Telecommunication technology plays an important role in this context. Globalization has cast a significant impact on the telecommunications industry and is in turn driving further improvements in the telecommunications technology. Changes in telecommunications industry due to globalization The telecommunications industry is changing rapidly under the influence of globalization. New state-of-the art technology and modern innovations have brought significant changes in the international as well as the domestic market of the United Kingdom. These radical changes in the global telecommunications industry are critical to the success of the firm. Several technological and political developments are currently occurring in this industry. The most distinctly recognizable changes are: Figure 1: Impacts of globalization (Source: Author’s creation) Deregulation of the telecommunications sector The telecommunications industry has a l ong history of its journey since 1884. With the ground breaking invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1884, the telephone came into existence. However, it has come into common use several decades after this invention. The telecommunications industry gained a worldwide importance in the first three decades of the twentieth century. By the 1930s, this industry became stable and the telecommunication service providers became an important aspect for the international trade and commerce as well as for the defence sector. During this period the telecommunication sector was under the regulation of the national governments. However, as a result of globalization, liberalization policies were sweeping across the nations and its impact also touched the telecommunication industry (Bartle, 2005). In the mid 1950s, the United States of America (USA) first deregulated its telecommunications market. This set the example for the other countries to follow this path. Following the USA, co untries in the Europe also began to deregulate the telecommunica

Systems Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Assignment Example Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside a class, and everything is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not classes for performance reasons. Java uses similar commenting methods to C++. There are three different styles of comment: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with a slash asterisk ( ), and the Javadoc commenting style opened with a slash and two asterisks ( ). The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to compile documentation for the program. Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorld.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorld.class. Only then can it be executed, or launched. The java source file may only contain one public class but can contain multiple classes with less than public access and any number of public inner classes. A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer. The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method.

Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Things Fall Apart - Essay Example The fact that he has three wives in and of itself illustrates his misogynistic nature and attitude. He is terribly cruel to his son Nwoye, as he feels that Nwoye is not masculine enough and that he is feminine and weak. Nwoye begins to behave in more masculine ways to please his father Okonkwo, as anything less is simply unacceptable and can lead to a beating from his father. Okonkwo is a portrait of dominant male ideology as he causes his family a great deal of pain and suffering because of this ideology. Okonkwo is rarely able to display emotion and is depicted as first and foremost, seeking to be masculine and in control. He is depicted however, at one point in the story, as a concerned parent, when he ventures out looking for Ezinma, after she is taken by Chielo. The reader also sees throughout the piece, Okonkwo’s difficulty in dealing with change in his environment, especially from a racial point of view. White men are coming to his village and living among his clan, only to cause Okonkwo to feel threatened and then to finally feel defeated. This is understandable as the white settlers only seek to change the ways and beliefs of the natives of Nigeria. These expressions of anti-colonialism seem to reflect the ideas of Achebe as well, as a prevailing theme surrounding the colonists seems to be their inability to speak the language of the tribe. This is ultimately what prevents them from understanding the ways of the tribe. Interestingly, as much as Okonkwo opposes the whit e man and his religion (Christianity), his son Nwoye converts to this very religion. Certainly, this is an illustration on the conflicts that arose during colonization. The white men brought their religion and beliefs to the Igbo people, and certainly Okonkwo represented the institution of tradition and culture. Further evidence of this is the fact that Okonkwo participates in the death of Ikemefuna, the sacrificial boy from a neighboring village

Systems Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Assignment Example Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside a class, and everything is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not classes for performance reasons. Java uses similar commenting methods to C++. There are three different styles of comment: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with a slash asterisk ( ), and the Javadoc commenting style opened with a slash and two asterisks ( ). The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to compile documentation for the program. Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorld.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorld.class. Only then can it be executed, or launched. The java source file may only contain one public class but can contain multiple classes with less than public access and any number of public inner classes. A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer. The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method.

Management of Organisation Essay Example for Free

Management of Organisation Essay Change management may be defined as the planning, initiation, realization, control and the stabilization of change processes both at the corporate and personal level. Change usually may occur at the strategic level of the organization or involve the personal development of the personnel. Change is a powerful force which is often resisted by most individuals whether it occurs at the corporate or personal level. Despite the resistance, change is a good thing. In fact it is a . livelihood of business in any organization. This is so because any possible failure to see and adjust to change may lead to a spiral downward fall that may lead to reduced efficiency, productivity, band productivity. Therefore the effects of change on personalities need to be resolved effectively but the change process must go on. At no point should the change process should be stopped because of its effects on the human component of the organization (Burke, 2002: pp. 55-7). Change may be described by a number of adjectives such as confusing, fulfilling, challenging, liberating, disorienting, empowering frustrating etc depending on the magnitude of the impact it has on an individual. Employees will always view change negatively. They have a negative perception and attitude towards change. The negative attitude of employees toward change is as a result of their fear of losing their jobs, positions, statuses social security and fear of the resulting higher workload. The employees may or may not be justified to view change that way but generally, the effects of change on employees are negative but the interests of the organization should always remain higher than those of personalities. Even those who survive retrenchment that comes with change will still view change negatively because of two reasons. First, they feel guilty because retaining their jobs makes others jobless and second, the high workload that is likely to come with the change. The remnants can only be willing to the resulting workload if they are given a pay rise. These emotions that result from change may put considerable stress on the changing organization. The stress though is short-lived and after some time the employees tend to forget and move on (Kaufman,1995: p. 12). Based on the employees general view of change, implementation of change in an organization, division, department, project etc may not be easy but the management need to be strong to see the organization through the change process. There will always be casualties of change. Change should start with the managers. It is often said that leadership is a message. Whatever the manager says or doesn’t say is a message. Therefore the message needs to be clear, consistent and repetitive. This is so because it takes time for people to hear, understand and believe the change carrying message especially if they don’t like what they hear. It is human nature to resist change and this is precisely the reason why they should be prepared beforehand. Prior communication may make the transition exciting or at least satisfactory. Change implementation is a foursome affair. First, there is need for the establishment and maintenance of the organization’s vision. When you know where you are going it is rare that you can get lost. Second, there is need to establish and maintain a realistic business plan which ought to be in sync with the vision. Third, communication needs to come in time to pass the synchronized organizational vision and business plan to the organization’s personnel. Finally, there is need for action so as to put into practice what has been communicated in the bid to exercise what is in the business plan which is in sync with the organization’s ultimate vision. Successful implementation of change can thus be seen to be represented by the following equation: Leadership + Vision + Communication + Action = Successful Change. The actions need to be measured and evaluated with the results being compared and deliberated upon. It is common knowledge that what gets measured gets done and anything rewarded gets repeated over and over again (Spector etal, 2007: pp. 156-8). Change can be discerned through finding out what people out there say about the organization. What is the organizational ranking out there? Does the organization need to do something to gain a competitive edge in the market? All these questions test the inevitability of change. Another way involves the challenging of all the organization’s products, services and policies in a bid to question their relevance to the present corporate, personal and market context. It is through questioning that you get to understand when change is necessary, how it can be communicated and implemented and how can the favourable results of the change on the organization’s performance measured. Change is often expensive especially when it involves technology. Technology changes fast and thus if any organization that needs to adapt needs to learn rapidly so as to keep up with the pace. Change is often triggered fro without the organization. Linkspan for instance needs to improve technology to keep up with the changing technology. The effect of technology in market enhancement can no longer be ignored. Further, most people have become technology oriented and are likely to choose a service provider who is technologically compliant that the one who is still struggling with indecision whether to embrace technology or not (Martel,1986: pp 45-54). As stated earlier, the first step in the implementation of change is the detailed review of the organization’s vision. Linkspan management needs to question the direction they are taking whether they are in line with the company’s vision. I believe that any company will have its vision focussing somewhere close to having an advantageous edge in the market. No organization sets a vision to make losses. The target is always making huge profits that will lead to the expansion of the organization. Once the vision has been internalized, the management needs to ask itself one very important question; is the intended change necessary? If so, how is the change likely to supplement the organization’s efficiency and performance? Is the change in sync with Linkspan’s ultimate vision, objectives and goals? Once all these issues are established, then it should be officially declared that the change is inevitable and the reasons warranting the change. These reasons and the inevitability of the change need to be recorded. The next step will be an in-depth study on how the change is likely to affect both the strategic corporate and personal components of Linkspan. Study how the change is going to affect the market, the employees, the organization’s expenditure and income, the shareholders, the customers etc. In short measure and evaluate the effects of the change on every party. Once the measurement and evaluation of the effects of the change has been made, it is necessary to carry out the speculation of the cost of the change. The speculation must factor the costs of employee layoffs, the cost of pay increments for those that remain based on the skills that they will be trained on and the market rates, the cost of training and professional development processes, the cost of the technological component of the change such as the new cranes, integrated bridge systems, autopilot, refurbishments, the cost of other loading and unloading equipment updates etc. In general, the full cost of the change process need to be speculated and this needs the involvement of professionals to carry out the speculations in each sector of the change. These professional speculators need time to carry out a detailed research. Once they have all submitted there reports i. e. he personnel pay rise and lay off speculation report ( featuring effects of the change on each class of employees rating them from the most affected to the least affected by the change, the number of personnel to be laid off, and those to be retained, lay off packages based on positions of employees, pay rise for the remaining staff based on additional training and responsibilities, criteria for the layoff and retention process and its legality and the time frame for the layoffs) , the technological investment plan report (featuring the cost of the new technology equipment and the labour for the installation of new and overhaul of the old technology, refurbishments etc, the best service provider and their charges and the time the process is likely to take), projection report on how the change is likely to add the company’s profitability and efficiency and how it is likely to enhance the company’s market position. This should feature a comparative approach where the major competitors are studied and analyzed to determine the market advantage the change is likely to offer the organization (Drucker,1995: pp. 96-103). Once all the reports have been submitted, the management of Linkspan need to take time, study them and the recommendations and thus determine the total cost, legality and time span of the change process. The company’s capability of funding and sustaining the change process shall also need to be evaluated to establish a conclusive decision of whether to carry out the change or not. If the decision is yes then the management needs to go ahead and start communicating the lurking change to all the stakeholders. As stated earlier, the communication needs to be repetitive consistent and above all very clear. After a blanket communication, the specific phase of communication phase follows. This phase involves communication of the change effects to specific groups of personnel. Start with the most hit and tell them the possible effects the change is likely to have on them. The company’s plan to compensate them, train them, motivate them e. g. through pay rise etc. Give each group time to respond and let the emotions run. Change is emotional. The management needs to be keen to give convincing reasons for the inevitability of the change. State that the company’s interests are higher than any personality. State examples of other companies that have done so and the legality of the process based on the reports. Note the acceptance or denial of the layoff or pay rise packages and consider the victims proposals offered immediately or later. They might not offer the proposals immediately because the message may still be devastating especially for those to be laid off. There is need for professional counselling to enhance speed acceptance of the change process. Remember to communicate to these employees the time span of the change process to enable them feature this into their personal financial, social or even psychological schedules (Sanderson, 1995: pp. 178-190). The end of communication to all stake holders marks another session of review of all the recommendations with a committee whose members are drawn from each division of the organization harmonizing the paperwork of the change process and briefing all the stake holders of the status of the change process. The committee has the mandate of identifying the changes noted between the reports recommendations and the actual status. Harmony is then established through deliberative meetings between the management and the affected parties. The committee has to be time conscious because agreements may take time to be reached and in case agreements are not forthcoming, the management should exercise its discretionary powers (Beitler, 2006: pp. 156-9). The review ushers in the actual implementations at the expiry of the notice offered. Actions should be carried out in such a way that the organizations activities don’t grind into a halt. For example, the layoff needs strategy. Do not yet layoff personnel required before the change process is over. Start with those that are not needed immediately the change implementations start. The refurbishments and fitting of the technological equipment should start with tendering process considering the service providers recommended in the report. Consider their quotations and compare with those quoted in the reports. Consider the quality even though it is still important for the process to be cost effective quality inclusive. The tender winner needs to start working immediately. The winner needs to understand that link span need not stop operations and thus should work within the schedule given by Linkspan. The carriers need to be refurbished and fitted with the technological equipments in shifts say maybe four at a time (Spruyt, 1990: pp 200-7). Those employees belonging to the first batch of the carriers that need to be laid off, trained etc need to be subjected to the appropriate exercise as their carriers get to be worked on. After all the batches have been worked on, then Linkspan needs to communicate to the customers for the second time the completion of the upgrading process. For the second time because it is necessary that they are alerted first before the upgrading of the carriers (through a press release) about the limited services to be rendered due to the lurking upgrading. Launch the new fleet and newly trained and new packages together with a farewell party for those laid off. It is important to consider a possible increment of prices of the new services to be offered and if tenable, then communicate them at the launching party and later through a press release The workability of the change needs to be reviewed from time to time say annually. This is specifically important as a way of noting the parts of the process that are not working and the possible remedial measures to be taken. Remember that, always, the most successful companies thrive on change and Linkspan need not be an exception.

Midlife Crisis From Crisis To Positive Transition

Midlife Crisis From Crisis To Positive Transition All human beings have to go across different developmental stages of life from womb to tomb. These human development stages are inevitable, very common in all human beings and are not very surprising things in human life. What it is interesting in these developmental stages is that each stage has uniqueness and there are many things that can be studied while human beings of different times undergo differently in different settings. The stages can be varied based on the social structure, culture and norms: there are environmental factors contributing the human development and developmental stages (Papalia et al., 2009). The transitions in the stages are the most interesting stage because it can lead either to positive or negative consequences. According to Golembiewski (1978), he found out that those who are quite aware of this transition can well adapt with the change, having good adjustment while those who are not aware have negative consequences by the transition. Developmental scientists had explained by applying theories that adulthood transition is the major transitional period where physical and psychological changes can be seen obviously. Midlife crisis is the most common that takes attention when we talk about middle adulthood. Papalia et al. states that changes in personality and lifestyle come together to attribute to the crisis, however, whether or not these changes lead to crisis depends on individuals. Hunter and Sundel (1989) speak out that there are some stereotypes about midlife: social problems occur in this period brought about by those midlife persons, especially men. The following are the stereotypes that they presented in their work: Men at middle age are obsolete at work. They have neither sufficient education nor updated technical training to compete with younger, more educated workers. Men at middle age leave (or at least want to leave) their wives for young women. Hunter and Sundel defend that these stereotypes are just myths about transitional crisis in men. They also came up with theories to proof that. These can not be said as myths alone in some settings because the real cases are showing that these are true. There are some other contributing factors that affect these myths. In this paper, I will try to discuss the contributing factors effecting the midlife transition based on human development. In chapter 2, I will try to explore about the subject for better understanding of the definition of midlife and midlife crisis in middle adulthood. In chapter 3, I will try to discuss the two myths which are commonly conceptualized by the people. I would also discuss contributing factors to these myths. Then, in chapter 4, I will conclude by bringing up the subject to social work practice and discuss what and how as social workers can intervene in this transition so that the transition would be smooth. Chapter 2 Understanding of middle adulthood and midlife crisis Middle adulthood There is no universally agreed period of middle age or middle adulthood. Papalia et al. defines middle adulthood in the book Human Development as the years between 40 and 65 but it is said to be not absolutely exact considering the facts that different peoples perception about middle adulthood varies depending on social, cultural and geographical factors. It is also explained that middle age can be a time for decline and loss but also for mastery and growth for the rest of the life. Middle adulthood/age is not decided by the chronological age but rather on the perception of oneself. Midlife crisis The mid life crisis was regarded as second adolescence and a crisis of identity (Papalia et al., 2009). It does not specifically talk about the stress and problems faced in specific age but the main essence of the midlife is that people in middle adulthood face huge transition period where they can encounter stress and problems (Hunter and Sundel, 1989). It is very interesting that Hunter and Sundal provided two different views in discussing midlife crisis; Crisis View and Transition or Non-Crisis View. They explained that the Crisis View is adopted by the crisis model under which each individual experiences a particular type of crisis at each stage of development in a particular chronological age range (p. 14). In Transition view, it is explained that most major life events are expected according to a timetable largely linked to age such as when one is to marry, raise children and retire (p. 19). It implies that the crisis is not necessarily stressed on midlife but can occur in diff erent stages of development. In many of the literature, it is found that the crisis is mainly stressed in men rather than in women although the transition has impacts on both genders. It could be because of the reasons that men are more focused towards self achievement (Papalia et al). It is also found that men are the major participants of research studies of midlife crisis. When this account is taken into consideration, it is hypnotize that gender roles and the shift of gender identity in this stage might also make men more expressive and more obvious to point out. Hunter and Sundel also discussed that why most studies focus on men could be because of the difference between traditional socialization between the two genders where women are more expressive of their emotions while men are potentially more stressful since they are more self-contained. Chapter 3 Discussion on the two myths 1) Men at middle age are obsolete at work. They have neither sufficient education nor updated technical training to compete with younger, more educated workers. Hunter and Sundel argue that middle age are not obsolete at work but they even get higher satisfaction with their job comparing to younger generations. They claim that there are even more men at middle age who appear to be workaholics and the midlife persons normally hold the managerial levels. However, it would depend on the nature of job and the productivity that the job demands. Considering the facts that job opportunities nowadays are scarcer and more competitive than before, employers and businessmen naturally tend to employ more productive with lower pay. One can not completely claim that the myth is not true but a stereotyping. The advancement of Information Technology is also a spokesperson in this account. It is obvious that younger generations are better than the middle age persons in these days. In the professions related to the advance technology might very possibly favor younger generations. It is true that middle age persons have more life experience in problem solving, taking things under control in a mature way. One can not just claim that the middle age persons are obsolete at work and they can not compete with younger generations. To a certain extent the myth is true. The U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010) also reported in their survey that unemployment rate in middle adulthood had declined. However, the generatively of middle age persons in this stage should be appreciated. 2) Men at middle age leave (or at least want to leave) their wives for young women. In the discussion of Hunter and Sundel, they argue that marital unfaithfulness is not caused by the transition to middle age but because of poor marriage and unhealthy marriage. According to gender identity shift as explained by Papalia et al., men tend to have intimate relationships in this transition. It is assessed according to Hunter and Sundel that for those men who can not fulfill their needs with within their marriage life because of poor marriage, they tend to leave (or want to leave) their wives to satisfy their needs of intimate relationship with younger women. The personality theories by Erickson, 1902-1994 as cited by Boeree (2006) explains this myth with the seventh stage of the developmental stages which talks about the crisis: Generatively vs Self absorption or Stagnation. This explanation tends to prove that the myth about men wanting to leave their wives for extramarital affairs. In the clarification of this theory done by Boeree, he explains that when people arrives this stage, they sometimes look at their lives and ask themselves about their meaning of life which more often leads men to have affairs. The myth, men leave or want to leave their wives depends on the personality of individuals and other environmental factors such as marriage satisfaction and social norms. Whether or not one successfully overcomes the crisis is an answer. Chapter 4 Conclusion As helping professionals, social workers need to be aware of the situation of midlife crisis and how it can affect individuals and the environment. Hunter and Sundel (as cited in McGill, 1980, p. 267) explained that many men in mid-life experience events which cause them to dramatically and significantly change their personality and behavior. There are challenges and difficulties during the transition of midlife. For men, according to gender role, who are stereotyped to be the responsible persons for the family may find it more stressful in terms of their job security and in struggling with the developmental needs for intimacy. The so called crisis is a real crisis only if someone can not over come the changes occur in the transition. The crisis can be shaped out to be a positive change. Going back to the myths, the myths are to some extent turn out to be true contributed by different factors. If middle age persons can be able to upgrade and adapt themselves with the speeding advancement, they would be less stressful and be able to make the developmental transition out to be positive change. Similarly, if they are aware of their own developmental needs, if they can build up their personality and enhance marital relationship, they would not need to find their intimacy needs outside the marriage. Social workers may take the role of providing self awareness to middle age persons, at the same time can advice continuous learning.

Lord Of The Flies, An Analysis :: essays research papers

People are privileged to live in an advanced stage of development known as civilization. In a civilization, one’s life is bound by rules that are meant to tame its savage natures. A humans possesses better qualities because the laws that we must follow instill order and stability within society. This observation, made by William Golding, dictates itself as one of the most important themes of Lord of the Flies. The novel demonstrates the great need for civilization ion in life because without it, people revert back to animalistic natures. When the children become stranded on the island, the rules of society no longer apply to them. Without the supervision of their parents or of the law, the primitive nature of the boys surfaces, and their lives begin to fall apart. The downfall starts with their refusal to gather things for survival. The initial reaction of the boys is to swim, run, jump, and play. They do not wish to build shelters, gather food, or keep a signal fire going. Consequently, the boys live without luxury that could have been obtained had they maintained a society on the island. Instead, these young boys take advantage of their freedom and life as they knew it deteriorates. The boys spark the onset of tragedy when the pig hunt evolves as more than just an activity. Jack and his band of hunters love the thrill of the chase. They spend much of their day searching the pig runs enjoying the brutality they cause on other living beings. This amusement is taken too far when Jack introduces face paint into the game. The face paint takes away the identities of the boys and transforms them into nameless savages. They hide behind the paint â€Å"liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Golding 64). Jack’s mask overpowers the rest of the boys and they go off to hunt despite some discontent. Eventually, the painted warriors ready a fortress at one end of the island. This tribe brings nothing but death and destruction to the island. Moreover, the newly formed group of warriors even develop a dance that they perform over the carcass of the dead pig. They become so involved in this dance that that warriors kill one of their own kind. By chance, Simon runs from the forest towards the group that is already shouting â€Å"‘Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!’† (152).

Heat Loss Investigation Essays -- Factors Affecting the Rate of Heat l

Heat Loss Investigation Introduction ============ In this investigation I will investigate heat loss and heat transfer in different materials and I will also investigate which materials are the best insulators. A material that prevents this heat loss is called an insulator and this helps to keep the object that is being insulated warmer for, longer. Heat is generally transferred in three different methods: - - Conduction - Convection - Radiation Conduction is energy transferred from the hotter part of a solid to the colder part of conduction. It is transferred by the particles in the material the particles in the hot part are vibrating more. These vibrations are passed on to the cooler particles next to them, so the energy spreads through the material until all particles have the same energy. Metals are good conductors, whereas most non-metals are poor conductors and poor conductors are used as insulators. Convection is the transfer of energy by the movement of a liquid or gas. When a liquid becomes warm it expands and becomes less dense. The warmer fluid floats above the cooler fluid, which sinks. This creates a flow, which is called convection current. Radiation is when bodies emit radiation. Basically the hotter the body, the more energy it radiates. Dark, dull surfaces emit more radiation than light, shiny surfaces. They also absorb radiation well. Light, shiny surfaces do not absorb radiation well - they are good reflectors. Radiation can pass through space - that is how the warmth of the sun reaches the Earth. Also heat can be transferred by evaporation and this may be relevant i... ...results as it could have made it warmer or cooler. The method I chose to use was successful and worked well within the investigation it was stable and fair. I would not change the method if I repeated the investigation as it worked well with the experiment. Also to improve my investigation I could have done many things. I could have repeated the experiment again and took down the average results and this will make the experiment more accurate as one set of my results could have been affected. Also there would have been different temperatures within the beaker thought they would have only been slight differences. The temperature would be different with the water nearer to the glass compared to the water directly in the middle. So it would have helped if I stirred the water so I could get the general temperature.

California Science Center

If you become a member, you become, as stated by the California Science Center website, â€Å"part of a dynamic, innovative community dedicated to our mission to stimulate curiosity and Inspire science learning In everyone by creating fun, memorable experiences. † If you do not want to ay to be part of a wonderful organization, you can volunteer by turning In an application either by e-mail, fax, or by sending a letter to the Department of Volunteer Resources. In order to volunteer, however, you must be at least 16 years of age.Looking at the application, I believe that all elements that you are to put down are viable, and I would not change a thing. The history of the science center is as such. It started in 1912 and mainly housed agricultural innovations form around the world; that is until after the war. In 1951, nice a boom in technological advances was more prevalent than agriculture, it the name was changed to the California Museum of Science and Industry, and mainly hou sed technology In an urban environment. In 1987, It was once again transformed.This time, the Museum went through a drastic change, and was turned Into a state- of-the-art science education facility. Its Intended use was to â€Å"respond to the needs of diverse communities and a state that continues to grow and evolve† and was then renamed the California Science Center. Future growth entails becoming the largest science center in the western united States, and housing exhibits from worlds beyond, and a South East Rainforest's. In the Ecosystems exhibit at the California Science Center, there are eight different zones.These zones are: the Extreme Zone, the Forest Zone, the River Zone, the Island Zone, the Rot Room, the Global Zone, the L. A. Zone, and finally the Family Discovery Room. The Extreme Zone consists of many ecosystems, all of which have a common theme; It Is very hard to survive there. An Important principle that I believe should be explained to the public Is that although these ecosystems are harsh, they are still vital to our planet. The Forest Zone Is not the typical forest that we think of, that's because It's a kelp forest.An Important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that life originated from the sea, and kelp forests like this form the Lovers Torts AT Tie Tanat we see t ay I en River Lone consists AT asana Ana water. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is way that water and natural waterways are important because they carry energy and materials from lace to place. The Island Zone is a zone dedicated to evolution and adaptation by the animals that live there.An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that evolution is a genetic fact. The Rot Room has to do with rotting organisms, like trees and animals. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that these organisms that decompose other organisms are vital bec ause they make the soil ready to support new life. The Global Zone is about ecosystems and their interactions. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that the Earth itself is one giant ecosystem.The L. A. Zone deals with urban ecosystems, and the daily challenges faced. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that little things like running water and trash service are extremely complicated things. Finally, the Family Discovery room deals with how our homes and habitats provide us with food, water, and shelter. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that e should not take our homes for granted, as others around the world are not as fortunate as us.The Elephant Clock is a Unusual striking early 13th century clock whose design fuses together elements from may culture,† and was invented by Al-Izard. It was created in the 13th century. It works by using Greek water raising tec hnology. It is considered to be multi-cultured because it â€Å"uses Greek water raising technology, an Indian elephant, an Egyptian phoenix, Arabian figures, Persian carpet, and Chinese dragons, to celebrate the diversity of the world. †

Music falls Essay

This third activity was chosen because it provides the children with this means of communication, giving them the opportunity to express themselves freely. Doing this helps them progress emotionally and cognitively in all other areas of their learning. Music falls under Donaldson’s construct mode, under value-sensing. She argues that emotion and thought are frequently related closely to one another (Palmer, 2001).  Neill (1927) also favoured music within the curriculum, as he alleged that it had a therapeutic function, particularly with children with psychological problems. He also acknowledged that it gave the less academically challenged pupils something they may excel at. This activity, therefore, assists in increasing the child’s self esteem, giving them more confidence in other areas of the curriculum too. Differentiation  The possibilities for differentiation within this lesson are extensive. As it is a relatively free activity, the children can move as much, or as little as they like. Interaction from the practitioner could be by means of praising those who demonstrate effort and capability, or by encouraging the children to express themselves and by giving them the confidence to move as they wish. Those who do not attempt to join in could be partnered with others, to provide further encouragement and enjoyment. Evaluation  This activity provides the children with the freedom to move their bodies in ways which are normally considered inappropriate within the classroom. There is no specific way in which the children are required to move and so they have the opportunity to truly express themselves without the usual confines and barricades. Skinner (1971) believes that behaviour is not something a child is born with, it is shaped by consequences. The conditioning adopted by the setting determines the catalogue of behaviour the child has at his disposal (cited in Palmer 2001). Skinner recognised that children respond to positive re-inforcement. The practitioner in this activity praises the children, encouraging them to express themselves further. Bandura suggests that adults can gain children’s attention and highlight the behaviour patterns they want to encourage (David T et al, 2003). He suggests that the children will mimic the behaviour they see in others. In this activity, if the children see the practitioner praising one child as suggested by Skinner, their behaviour will be reinforced and this should encourage more of this behaviour. As the rest of the children bear witness to this development, Bandura suggests that they will reproduce this behaviour to gain recognition for themselves. This was apparent when watching the behaviour of the whole class. When one child became slightly over-excited and silly, others began to imitate him. The practitioner quickly took control of the situation by praising one of the children who was making slower, more gentle movements and the children responded swiftly by slowing their movements down too. Conclusion Each one of these activities proved to be successful. The children enjoyed them and were keen to stay on task throughout. The relevant areas and aspects of learning were adequately covered and the children gained a great deal from participating. From carrying out this research, it is apparent that it is necessary for practitioners to plan their scheme of work effectively in order to guarantee that the foundation stage curriculum is covered throughout the year. This work has examined the long, medium and short term plans and has explained why they are used. It has researched the emergence of the foundation stage curriculum and the ways it can be adapted and moulded to fit into many different types of early years settings. Using the three activities this work has established the theoretical underpinning of the curriculum and demonstrates the strategies which can be applied to differentiate the experiences effectively. Bibliography Books Bee, H. & Boyd, D. (2004) The Developing Child, Tenth Edition USA: Pearson Education, Inc.  Boushel, M., Fawcett, M. & Selwyn, J. (2000) Focus on Early Childhood: Principles and Realities Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science  Carnie, F (2003) Alternative Approaches to Education: A Guide for Parents and Teachers New York: Taylor and Francis

Persian Empire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persian Empire - Research Paper Example King Cambyses, after his successful invasion of Egypt never returns to Persia alive, he died en route (Allen, 2005). At the same time or even before the death of the Cambyses, Bardiya, a brother to Cambyses, took the throne of Persia in the summer. In September, another dramatic transformation of the monarchy led to the enthronement of Darius following Bardiya’s death. According to King Darius, he claims he is restoring the throne to the rightful Achaemenid house (Holland, 2005). King Darius claimed that he descended for a long line of eight kings in a genealogy that linked him to the family of the empire-founder Cyrus II through a mutual ancestor called Teispes. Tesipes was the great-grandfather of Cyrus II; however, King Darius has added a legendary progenitor called Achaemenes. He therefore claims that he belongs to a collateral line of the royal family. The authenticity of his claims notwithstanding, the fact that King Darius’s father and grandfather are still alive and are not kings may lead one to doubt the authenticity of his claims. Even if his claims are true, Darius is not the next in line of succession given that his father and grandfather are still alive. ... Following the death of Cambyses II in 522 BC, Darius rushed to Media, where in September he and his allied Persian nobles kill Bardiya, another son of Cyrus and brother of Cambyses II (Encyclop?diaBritannica, 2011). King Darius admitted but defended this deed and his own assumption of kingship on the grounds that the usurper was actually Gaumata, a Magian, who had impersonated Bardiya after Bardiya had been murdered secretly by Cambyses. King Darius attributed the chaos in Persian to a sinister plot sparked by the evil deed of Cambyses. Darius alleged that Cambyses secretly killed his brother Bardiya and that the new figure who was enthroned just before Cambyses’ death was an impostor called Gaumata. Thus, Darius desire to restore the throne to the rightful Achaemenes house. When the impostor threaten those aware of the usurpation with death, Darius and his allied Persian noble responded by slewing the impostor. The fact that the impostor body was not displayed publicly, as ot her rebel, makes one to think that Darius may have committed regicide (Cook, 1985). Many Persians doubt the legitimacy of Darius accession to the throne. In fact this explains the extent to which the rebellion has gone. Most of the rebels are members of the ruling class, who thought they have equal right to the Persian throne. Appeals have been made to royal rights older than Darius’. In fact, several of the rebel leaders claimed to have descended from archaic kings such as Cyaxares or Nabonidus and have won over support to their sides. Darius has responded by combining his ancient genealogy with the favor granted him by the Persian god, Ahuramazda (Allen, 2005). According to King Darius, Ahuramazda, one of the